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Physics | Experimental Condensed Matter Physics | MCQ | Ionization and temperature measurements in warm dense copper using x-ray absorption spectroscopy. | https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.13272 | September 16, 2025 | Researchers investigated the ionization and temperature of warm dense copper (Cu) using X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) at the OMEGA Laser Facility to characterize plasmas at several times solid density. The experimental configuration consists of a planar target and a separate backlighter positioned 3 mm away. A se... | - Shock breakout times (in ns) and planarity were measured with the VISAR system.
- Shock velocity time history as a function of position across the target measured with the VISAR system. | An investigation into shock breakout times and shock velocity time histories as a function of position across the target of warm dense copper (Cu) plasma is conducted using a VISAR system. The experimental configuration consists of a planar target and a separate backlighter positioned 3 mm away. A series of 60 laser be... | b) Shocks were highly planar over the target region, and the absorption spectra of warm dense copper features blue shift of both the K-edge and the bound-bound resonance 1s→3p absorption relative to the cold edge. | - Generating warm dense matter in the laboratory often involves significant temporal and spatial gradients that complicate the analysis of experimental observables. Incorporating gradients in the analysis of experimental data, while possible, increases the uncertainties in the inferred plasma conditions.
- At these hi... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"Generating WDM in the laboratory often involves significant temporal and spatial gradients that complicate the analysis of experimental observables. Incorporating gradients in the analysis of experimental data, while possible, increases the uncertainties in the inferred plasma conditions. ... |
Biology | Neurobiology, Animal Behavior and Cognition. | Free-Format Question | Dopamine induces fear extinction by activating the reward-responding amygdala neurons | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12067255/ | April 28, 2025. | Researchers tested whether ventral tegmental area (VTA) dopamine signaling in the basolateral amygdala (BLA) drives fear extinction by acting on reward-responding posterior BLA (pBLA) neurons versus fear-coding anterior BLA (aBLA) neurons, using adult mice (DAT-IRES-Cre; EYFP controls; subtype mapping with Rspo2-Cre fo... | - Extinction learning: Percent freezing per 5-min bin across the 45-min Day 2 session (9 bins). Scored manually by experimenters who were blinded to conditions or automatically with DeepLabCut behavior analysis toolbox and custom Python code (68).
- Extinction memory: Percent freezing during the Day 3 retrieval test ... | Mice underwent contextual fear conditioning (Day 1: context + three 0.60 mA, 2 s shocks), 45-min extinction (Day 2, no shocks), and 10-min retrieval (Day 3). During extinction, VTA dopamine terminals in pBLA (Ppp1r1b⁺) or aBLA (Rspo2⁺) were optogenetically manipulated beginning 5 min into the session using 8 cycles of ... | Activation of VTA dopamine terminals in the pBLA promotes faster extinction and improved retrieval, indicating an enhancement of extinction learning. In contrast, inhibition of pBLA dopamine input impairs both extinction and retrieval. Activation of VTA terminals in the aBLA leads to increased freezing later in extinct... | - Fear extinction is a form of new learning that allows for the adaptive control of fear behaviors and is commonly studied using Pavlovian conditioning tasks.
- aBLA Rspo+ neurons encode negative valence and drive aversive behaviors whereas pBLA Ppp1r1b+ neurons encode positive valence and drive appetitive behaviors.
-... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"Fear extinction is a form of new learning that allows for the adaptive control of fear behaviors and is commonly studied using Pavlovian conditioning tasks."},{"label":"Title","value":"Conditioned reflexes: An investigation of the physiological activity of the cerebral cortex"},{"label":"U... |
Biology | Physiology | Free-Format Question | Effect of combined Respiratory Muscle Training on Sleep and
Cardiovascular Biometrics in a non-clinical cohort | https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.27.661934v1 | July 1, 2025 | This prospective study investigated the effects of combined inspiratory and expiratory RMT (cRMT) on sleep parameters and cardiovascular biometrics, specifically heart rate variability (HRV), in a non-clinical adult cohort. Utilizing a wearable device for remote data collection, this randomized controlled trial include... | -Measurement of sleep parameters and cardiovascular biometrics of the participants.
- Heart rate variability (HRV) in participants in the intervention and control groups. | During a five-week intervention period, participants in the intervention group underwent cRMT using a Breather Fit device, while control group participants did not receive the intervention. What would you expect to happen in terms of heart rate variability and sleep parameters between the participants in intervention a... | Study findings demonstrated a significant increase in overnight HRV metrics during the intervention period compared to the baseline, indicating improved autonomic cardiac function. However, no significant changes were observed in any parameters of sleep quality. | -Insufficient sleep has various short- and long-term consequences, including an elevated risk of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases.
-Previous research has demonstrated that resistive respiratory muscle training (RMT) can enhance both sleep quality and cardiovascular health in individuals diagnosed with obstructiv... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"-Insufficient sleep has various short- and long-term consequences, including an elevated risk of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. "},{"label":"Title","value":"Short- and long-term health consequences of sleep disruption"},{"label":"URL","value":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/285798... |
Chemistry | Organic Chemistry | Free-Format Question | Total Synthesis of Eudesmanolides Alantolactone, Isoalantodiene, Alloalantolactone, and 5α,6α-Epoxyalantolactone | https://chemrxiv.org/engage/chemrxiv/article-details/68a9905d23be8e43d6a01501 | August 29, 2025 | To a flamed dried round-bottomed flask was added thiourea Jacobsen's organocatalyst (40.0 mg, 0.104 mmol, 5 mol%), 1-(4-Bromofuran-2-yl)-5-methylhex-5-en-1-one
(0.535 g, 2.08 mmol, 1 equiv) and CH₂Cl₂ (4.2 mL, 0.5 M). The reaction flask was cooled to –78 °C in an acetone/dry ice bath, and TMSCN (0.57 mL, 4.56 mmol, 2.2... | - Yield of the enantiomeric mixture using NMR.
- Enantiomeric excess determined by chiral SFC analysis | 1-(4-bromofuran-2-yl)-5-methylhex-5-en-1-one was reacted with TMSCN (excess) and Jacobsen's thiourea catalyst (5 mol%) in CH₂Cl₂ at -78 °C for 4 d. What is the name of the product obtained? | 2-(4-bromofuran-2-yl)-6-methyl-2-((trimethylsilyl)oxy)hept-6-enenitrile | - Ketones can be enantioselectively cyanosilylated in the presence of Jacobsen's thiourea catalyst and TMSCN
-Alantolactone and isoalantolactone, members of the eudesmanolide class of
sesquiterpenoid lactones, have been extensively investigated for their pharmacological function | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"Ketones can be enantioselectively cyanosilylated in the presence of Jacobsen's thiourea catalyst and TMSCN."},{"label":"Title","value":"Thiourea-Catalyzed Enantioselective Cyanosilylation of Ketones"},{"label":"URL","value":"https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja052511x"},{"label":"Date","val... |
Physics | Spintronics | MCQ | Enhanced Spin Pumping and Magnetization dynamics in Ni_80Fe_20/MoS_2 stack via interface modification | https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.09248 | May 14, 2025 | An experiment is conducted to investigate the magnetization dynamics at the interface of a spintronic heterostructure. A thin film of Permalloy ($Ni_{80}Fe_{20}$, or Py) with a thickness of 5 nm is deposited via DC magnetron sputtering onto a silicon substrate ($Si/SiO_{2}$) that is covered by a monolayer of molybdenum... | - Ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) spectra showing the derivative of microwave absorption (dI/dH) as a function of the in-plane DC magnetic field ($H_{DC}$) for the reference Py (5 nm) and ML-MoS_{2}/Py (5 nm) sample. | An experiment compares the ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) spectrum of a 5 nm Permalloy (Py) film deposited on a bare silicon substrate with an identical Py film deposited on a silicon substrate covered by a monolayer of $MoS_{2}$. Based on the principles of magnetization dynamics, what is the most likely shape of the FM... | A) The spectrum exhibits two distinct resonance peaks, as the discontinuous, island-like MoS_{2} underlayer creates two different magnetic environments. | - Pure spin currents can be generated via spin pumping on material interfaces.
- Two dimensional (2D) semiconducting layered transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) have unique electronic band structures, valley effects, strong spin orbit coupling, and broken inversion symmetry, which enable distinct charge and spin tr... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"Pure spin currents can be generated via spin pumping on material interfaces.\n"},{"label":"Title","value":"Spin pumping and magnetization dynamics in metallic multilayers"},{"label":"URL","value":"https://journals.aps.org/prb/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevB.66.224403"},{"label":"Date","value":"D... |
Chemistry | Archaeological chemistry | MCQ | Adjacent radiocarbon dating of Iron Age site foundation | https://chemrxiv.org/engage/chemrxiv/article-details/682ec5413ba0887c3332b980 | May 28, 2025 | Researchers have developed a chemical procedure for radiocarbon dating metal archaeological samples. A total of six samples from the iconic Iron Age site Creney-le-Paradis were analysed, all consisting of fibres extracted from mineralised textiles still in contact with a bronze substrate. The conversion of the samples ... | • Stable isotope ratios expressed as δ13C in ‰ units.
• Radiocarbon ages expressed in BP years units.
• Calendar ages expressed in BC years units.
| Researchers have developed a chemical procedure for radiocarbon dating metallic archaeological samples. A total of six samples from the iconic Iron Age site Creney-le-Paradis were analysed, all consisting of fibres extracted from mineralised textiles still in contact with the bronze substrate. Two CO2 fractions were ob... | A. The mean radiocarbon age is 2619 ± 11 yr BP, and the calendar age is 808-790 BC.
D. δ13C values range from −22 to −17‰.
| • The advent of accelerator mass spectrometers (AMS) allows the number of 14C atoms to be measured relative to the number of 12C atoms.
• 13C/12C isotope ratio can be expressed as a δ13C value, which indicates the possible origin of the dated carbon fraction. | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"The advent of accelerator mass spectrometers (AMS) allows the number of 14C atoms to be measured relative to the number of 12C atoms."},{"label":"Title","value":"Carbon-14: Direct Detection at Natural Concentrations"},{"label":"URL","value":"https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.198.... |
Physics | Applied physics, thermodynamics, mechanical engineering, energy and transport. | MCQ | Reducing Temperature Swing and Rectifying Radiative Heat Transfer for Passive Dynamic Space Thermal Control with Variable-Emittance Coatings | https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.13794 | Sep 17, 2025 | Tunable VO2-based Fabry-Pérot (VO2FP) variable-emittance coating made of 55-nm VO2, 500-nm silicon, and 200-nm aluminum thin films was fabricated on a double-side polished silicon wafer via thin film sputtering. Black Actar and highly reflective tungsten mirrors are used to calibrate the parasitic head load and heat fl... | - Spectral infrared reflectance (in %) measured against wavelength from 2 μm to 22 μm on a tunable VO₂FP variable-emittance coating in the heating cycle from 27 °C to 91 °C.
- Spectral infrared reflectance (in %) measured against wavelength from 2 μm to 22 μm on a tunable VO₂FP variable-emittance coating in the cooling... | A tunable VO2-based Fabry-Pérot (VO2FP) variable-emittance coating, composed of VO2 and aluminum thin films, was fabricated on a double-sided polished silicon wafer via thin-film sputtering. A Fourier transform infrared spectrometer, along with a variable-angle reflection accessory (Harrick Scientific, Seagull), was us... | d) A law reflecting a dip around 6 - 9 μm wavelength and reflectance increases as the temperature decreases. | -Slight angular dependence of the total emittance for the VO2FP emitter at the metallic phase due to the nature of wave interference when FP resonance is excited; therefore, the total hemispherical emittance of the VO2FP emitter in the metallic phase is reduced by 10% from the total normal emittance, while it remains t... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"Slight angular dependence of the total emittance for the VO2FP emitter at the metallic phase due to the nature of wave interference when FP resonance is excited; therefore, the total hemispherical emittance of the VO2FP emitter in the metallic phase is reduced by 10% from the total normal ... |
Biology | Biology/ Microbiology | Free-Format Question | Early Pregnancy Marks Significant Shifts in the Oral Microbiome | https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.29.679276v2 | November 5, 2025 | To analyze the development of the oral microbiome during pregnancy, the researchers recruited an Israeli cohort of pregnant women sampled during T1, T2, and T3. A total of 346 Israeli women were recruited, and 467 oral microbiome samples were processed: 235 from T1 (11-14 gestational weeks), 144 from T2 (24-28 gestati... | -Microbiome associations obtained from processing of DNA samples collected from saliva of women at 3 stages of pregnancy (T1, T2, T3).
-Categories of food intake per women: normal, vegetarian or vegan, high carb, and gluten-free, registered from interviews with a dietary. | Researchers analyzed the development of the oral microbiome during pregnancy by collecting saliva samples from 346 Israeli women at different pregnancy stages (T1, T2, and T3). Saliva samples were processed to extract DNA and obtain microbiome associations. Besides the sample collection, the 346 women were interviewed ... | Gluten-free diet showed the strongest and most consistent associations with oral microbiome composition across all trimesters | -The oral microbiome undergoes distinct compositional changes throughout pregnancy, influenced by hormonal, immunologic, and metabolic shifts.
- Pregnancy associated changes can increase susceptibility to oral disease and have been associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes.
-Conversely, diets rich in fiber, plant po... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"The oral microbiome undergoes distinct compositional changes throughout pregnancy, influenced by hormonal, immunologic, and metabolic shifts."},{"label":"Title","value":"Metabarcoding analysis of oral microbiome during pregnancy"},{"label":"URL","value":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/397... |
Biology | Plant Biology | Free-Format Question | Role of AtCPK5 and AtCPK6 in the regulation of the plant immune response triggered by rhamnolipids in Arabidopsis | https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.22.683368v1 | October 23, 2025 | Researchers examined the RL (Rhamnolipid)-induced resistance to Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato strain DC3000 (Pst DC3000). To do this, the strain was grown at 28 °C under stirring in King’s B (KB) liquid medium supplemented with antibiotic: 50 μg/mL rifampicin. Arabidopsis plants (WT, cpk5, cpk6, and cpk5/6 double mut... | - Bacterial load (CFU/mg fresh weight;P. syringae) in Arabidopsis plants (WT, cpk5, cpk6, and cpk5/6 double mutant) pretreated with vs. without rhamnolipids. | Researchers investigated how RL (rhamnolipid) treatment affects resistance to the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (Pst DC3000) in Arabidopsis wild-type and mutant plants (cpk5, cpk6, and cpk5/6). Two days before infection, plants were sprayed with RLs (0.6mg/mL) or water as a control and were ... | After pretreatment with RL, plant backgrounds will display similarly low disease senstivity. | -Rhamnolipids (RLs) are natural, highly biodegradable molecules produced by some bacteria that can induce disease resistance to phytopathogens in various plant species, therefore activating the immune response.
- CPKs are involved in plant development and plant response to biotic and abiotic stress. | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"Rhamnolipids (RLs) are natural, highly biodegradable molecules produced by some bacteria that can induce disease resistance to phytopathogens in various plant species, therefore activating the immune response."},{"label":"Title","value":"Biosurfactants in Plant Protection Against Diseases:... |
Biology | Behavioral ecology / Primatology | MCQ | Social Tolerance and Innovation in Capuchins: socially more tolerant brown capuchins are better problem-solvers than less tolerant white-faced capuchins | https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.05.674457v1.full | September 7, 2025 | Researchers tested three groups of white-faced capuchins (Cebus capucinus)(n = 23 individuals in total) and three groups of brown capuchins (Sapajus apella) (n = 20 individuals in total) to explore and compare the relationship between social tolerance and problem-solving propensities. To measure social tolerance, they ... | - Proportion of individuals within the co-feeding area at each scan sample (social tolerance)
- Proportion of individuals within the puzzle area at each scan sample (social tolerance)
- Number of approaches to a food puzzle area.
- Approaching a food puzzle area duration.
- Approaches to a food puzzle area latency
- Nu... | Researchers tested three groups of white-faced capuchins (Cebus capucinus) and three groups of brown capuchins (Sapajus apella) to explore and compare the relationship between social tolerance and problem-solving propensities. To measure social tolerance, they prepared an area of 1 m2 per five animals in the group, in ... | C. White-faced capuchins should show the lowest level of social tolerance and problem-solving propensities. | - Social tolerance has increasingly been linked to the facilitation of social learning across a variety of species, including chimpanzees, orangutans, macaques, capuchin monkeys, lemurs, and birds.
- White-faced capuchins (Cebus capucinus) and brown capuchins (Sapajus apella) exhibit a diverse array of traditions
- W... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"Social tolerance has increasingly been linked to the facilitation of social learning across a variety of species, including chimpanzees, orangutans, macaques, capuchin monkeys, lemurs, and birds. "},{"label":"Title","value":"Social tolerance and role model diversity increase tool use lear... |
Biology | Neuroscience | Free-Format Question | Developmental and Stress-Induced Effects on 5-HT3R-Expressing Interneurons within Auditory Cortex | https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.08.675013v1 | Sep 09, 2025 | Researchers characterized the cell type-specific expression profiles of 5-HT3R within two major subpopulations of 5-HT3R cells, NDNF⁺ and VIP⁺, in A1, to analyze their developmental trajectories under normal conditions and the influence of early life stress (ELS). Brain sections containing A1 were obtained from mixed-s... | - Comparison of NDNF⁺ and VIP⁺ cell densities across layers under normal development and the influence of ELS.
- Quantification of fluorescent puncta in NDNF⁺ and VIP⁺ cells under normal development and the influence of ELS.
| Two subpopulations of cells, NDNF⁺ and VIP⁺, contribute to 5-HT3R expression, which may play a role in regulating critical period plasticity in ACx. Quantification of cells and mRNA expression for each cell subpopulation was performed by manual counting of images obtained through RNA fluorescent in situ hybridization (... | NDNF⁺ cell density is significantly higher in ELSR compared to CTR30 | - Early life stress (ELS) contributes to neuropsychiatric disease in both humans and animal models.
- The auditory cortex (ACx) is a brain region where exposure to ELS during a critical period impairs both neural and behavioral responses to a variety of auditory stimuli that rely on temporal processing.
- Serotonin (5-... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"Early life stress (ELS) contributes to neuropsychiatric disease in both humans and animal models"},{"label":"Title","value":"Childhood adversities and adult psychopathology in the WHO World Mental Health Surveys"},{"label":"URL","value":"https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.110.080499"},{"label"... |
Chemistry | Analytical Chemistry | Numerical Values | Towards enhanced selection of antibiotics in a hospital laboratory – development of a rapid electrochemical-based antimicrobial sensitivity test for Urinary Tract Infections. | https://chemrxiv.org/engage/chemrxiv/article-details/68839d31728bf9025e354df8 | July 29, 2025 | Clinical midstream urine samples received for culture and antibiotic susceptibility testing (AST) were collected across three external hospital laboratories: Glasgow Royal Infirmary (GRI, UK), the North-East Innovation Lab at the Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (NuTH, UK), and Breach Candy Hospital T... | - For each included clinical urine sample at each hospital site (Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals, Breach Candy Hospital Trust) and for each antibiotic on the RapidPlate™ panel (amoxicillin, cefalexin, ciprofloxacin, fosfomycin, nitrofurantoin, trimethoprim), researchers recorded the categorical a... | Researchers used a RapidPlate electrochemical impedance–based antibiotic susceptibility test on clinical midstream urine samples at three hospital laboratories and compared its antibiotic susceptibility predictions to conventional reference methods (VITEK 2 broth microdilution and Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion). Consideri... | 94% [89% - 99%]
| -Current standard methods for antibiotic susceptibility testing (AST) include automated systems such as VITEK 2 (bioMérieux, France), in addition to traditional techniques like Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion and broth microdilution
- Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is amongst the most sensitive electrochemica... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"Current standard methods for antibiotic susceptibility testing (AST) include automated systems such as VITEK 2 (bioMérieux, France), in addition to traditional techniques like Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion and broth microdilution"},{"label":"Title","value":"Current and Emerging Methods of Ant... |
Chemistry | Catalysis | Free-Format Question | An investigation of the physical and chemical changes of Pd nanoparticles on carbon supports in response to the release of hydrogen from aqueous formate solutions | https://chemrxiv.org/engage/chemrxiv/article-details/68d16d29f2aff16770fa93bd | September 25, 2025 | Researchers prepared and analyzed Pd nanoparticles supported on carbon materials to examine their structural and chemical evolution during hydrogen release from aqueous sodium formate. Three supports were used: carbon black (Vulcan XC-72), nitrogen-doped carbon (NC), and graphitic carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄). Nitrogen-dope... | - Pd oxidation state and local atomic structure characterized by in-situ X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy (XAS, SSRL beamline 4-1) with Pd K-edge XANES and EXAFS scans (24126–25238 eV, beam size 0.5 × 4 mm) under reaction conditions.
- Palladium loading (wt%) measured using Inductively Coupled Plasma–Optical Emission Spe... | Palladium nanoparticles supported on carbon materials were assessed as catalysts for hydrogen release from aqueous sodium formate. Three supports- carbon black (Vulcan XC-72), nitrogen-doped carbon (NC), and graphitic carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄)- were employed, with NC synthesized by heating a melamine-carbon black mixture... | In-situ XANES experiments unambiguously demonstrate that PdO is rapidly reduced to metallic Pd and then forms Pd hydride upon exposure to a formate solution, showing that PdO does not play a direct role in the mechanism of H2 formation. | - Palladium nanoparticles on carbon supports (Pd/C) are effective for catalyzing hydrogen release from aqueous formate solutions but typically suffer from a gradual decrease of activity.
- Nitrogen doping of carbon supports is observed to enhance the rates of hydrogen release from aqueous formate solutions | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"Shin and cowrokers argued that desorption of hydrogen from the Pd metal is rate\nlimiting and the presence of nitrogen on a graphene sheet decreases the binding energy of hydrogen\nresulting in a lower barrier for the reaction. These results suggest that the benefits of N-containing\nsuppo... |
Biology | Biomaterials / Bone tissue engineering | MCQ | Tenascin-c functionalised self-assembling peptide hydrogels for critical-sized bone defect reconstruction | https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0142961225004727 | July 11, 2025 | Researchers aimed to explore the influence of functionalizing a self-assembling peptide hydrogel with Tenascin-c for bone defect reconstructions. The encoding nucleotide sequence of the tenascin-c monomer was collected from the NCBI public database (GeneID: 3371) and trimmed down to the 3rd to 5th units of the TNCIII d... | - RT-qPCR: MSCs in Delta 1, F3, F5, and F35 hydrogel groups supplemented with recombinant human BMP-2 to 5 μg/mL, for genes RPL13A (housekeeping gene), ALP, OPN, OSX, and OCN using the ΔΔCt method (Day 7, Day 14, Day 21).
- Mineralisation (calcium deposit patterns) by Alizarin Red staining on day 21: Delta1 + BMP-2 vs ... | Researchers aimed to investigate the impact of functionalizing a self-assembling peptide hydrogel with Tenascin-C for bone defect reconstructions. Three different fragments of the Tenascin-c protein ( i.e. F3: 3rd TNCIII domain; F5: 5th TNCIII domain; F35: 3rd, 4th, and 5th TNCIII domains) were generated in E. coli wit... | D) Gene expression was largely similar between Delta1 + BMP-2 and functionalised hydrogels + BMP-2, but mineralisation was stronger in the functionalised groups | - The tenascin-c monomer contains ‘fibronectin type III-like’ domain type (TNCIII), containing the 3rd and 5th TNCIII domains an RGD integrin-binding motif and an heparin-binding domain.
- Self-assembling peptide hydrogels arise in an aqueous environment from the spontaneous assembly of customised peptide building blo... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"- The tenascin-c monomer contains ‘fibronectin type III-like’ domain type (TNCIII), containing the 3rd and 5th TNCIII domains an RGD integrin-binding motif and an heparin-binding domain."},{"label":"Title","value":"The tenascin family of ECM glycoproteins: Structure, function, and regulati... |
Biology | Microbiology | MCQ | ICP1 bacteriophage treatment antagonizes colonization of the zebrafish larval intestine by Vibrio cholerae | https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.01.673471v1 | Sep 01, 2025 | Researchers evaluated the influence of the aquatic environment on phage infection by performing in vitro bacteria-bacteriophage predation experiments. At a concentration of 10⁹ cells per mL,Vibrio cholerae was added to two different medias: Lysogeny broth (LB), used as a control, and artificial fresh water (AFW), used ... | - CFU of V. cholerae in LB at 0, 1, 2, 4, 7, and 24 hours.
- PFU of ICP1 in LB at 0, 1, 2, 4, 7, and 24 hours.
- CFU of V. cholerae in AFW at 0, 1, 2, 4, 7, and 24 hours.
- PFU of ICP1 in AFW at 0, 1, 2, 4, 7, and 24 hours.
- CFU of V. cholerae in Rhine water at 0, 1, 2, 4, 7, and 24 hours.
- PFU of ICP1 in Rhine water... | The interaction between Vibrio cholerae and the bacteriophage ICP1 was evaluated in-vitro through predation experiments in two different aquatic environments: artificial fresh water (AFW), and Rhine water; and a control environment: Lysogeny broth (LB). Counts of CFU, and PFU were performed for each experiment at 0, 1... | a) Only Rhine water will show an increase in bacteriophage propagation activity. | - Vibrio cholerae is the causative agent of the diarrheal disease cholera.
- Vibrio cholerae has shown antimicrobial resistant strains, which necessitates the need for alternative
approaches to treat cholera.
- Bacteriophages are viruses that specifically infect bacteria, and offer a promising therapeutic strategy agai... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"Bacteriophages are viruses that specifically infect bacteria, and offer a promising therapeutic strategy against bacteria due to their host specificity and self-limiting life cycles."},{"label":"Title","value":"Insights into Bacteriophage Application in Controlling Vibrio Species"},{"label... |
Biology | Neuroscience | MCQ | Modeling neurodegenerative diseases in Drosophila is conditioned by stress resistance and gut microbiome composition of the reference line | https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.03.673979v1 | Sep 8, 2025 | Researchers tested whether acute oxidative stress induced by ingestion of paraquat in two apparently identical but independent Drosophila lines of the w1118 strain, wlineA and wlineB, would show a comparable response. The w1118 lines were cultured under conventionally reared (CR) and germ-free (GF) conditions. Under CR... | - Survival percentage after acute oxidative stress.
- Survival time after acute oxidative stress.
- Median survival time after acute oxidative stress.
- Resistance to oxidative stress curves. | Acute oxidative stress induced by ingestion of paraquat was evaluated in two apparently identical but independent Drosophila lines of the w1118 strain, wlineA and wlineB, that were cultured conventionally reared (CR) and germ-free (GF) conditions. Fly survival was scored at several time points over a 4-days period foll... | b) wlineA paraquat resistance increased when cultured under GF condition compared to CR. wlineB showed no significant difference in paraquat resistance when cultured under GF conditions compared to CR. | - Drosophila is a genus of fly that is currently one of the major model organisms to study human diseases and progress in their treatments.
- Paraquat is a pro-oxidant herbicide commonly used to model drug-induced Parkinson Disease in Drosophila.
- w1118 is a mutant Drosophila strain which carries a null mutation in a ... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"Drosophila is a genus of fly that is currently one of the major model organisms to study human diseases and progress in their treatments"},{"label":"Title","value":"Human Disease Models in Drosophila melanogaster and the Role of the Fly in Therapeutic Drug Discovery"},{"label":"URL","value... |
Biology | Biochemistry / Molecular Biology | Free-Format Question | Vitamin B12 supports skeletal muscle oxidative phosphorylation capacity in male mice | https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.19.654973v2 | May 19, 2025 | Researchers measured the oxygen consumption rate (OCR) from mitochondrial homogenates of tibialis anterior (TA), and red muscle (cumulation of the soleus, and red portions from the quadriceps, and gastrocnemius) samples harvested from Male Mtr⁺ᐟ⁺, and Mtr⁺ᐟ⁻ mice to evaluate the effects of Mtr expression, and B12 cont... | - Protein concentration in mitochondria isolated from skeletal muscle groups (tibialis anterior (TA) and red muscle) of male mice (Mtr⁺ᐟ⁺, and Mtr⁺ᐟ⁻) following different diets (control diet and vitamin B12-deficient diet).
- Oxygen consumption rate (OCR) (pmol O2/min/µg protein) across oxidative phosphorylation compl... | Levels of Mtr expression and dietary vitamin B12 content can influence the oxygen consumption rate (OCR) across oxidative phosphorylation complexes in mitochondria from skeletal muscle. These conditions were evaluated by measuring OCR in tibialis anterior (TA) and red muscle samples from male Mtr⁺/⁺ and Mtr⁺/⁻ mice exp... | Mtr⁺/⁺ mice in a vitamin B-12 deficient diet | - Vitamin B12 is an essential cofactor of the methionine synthase enzyme.
- Impaired FOCM, either by dietary or genetic means, leads to decreased dTMP synthesis and uracil misincorporation in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) as well as nDNA.
- mtDNA encodes proteins that are components of the electron transport chain complex... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"Vitamin B12 is an essential cofactor of the methionine synthase enzyme which is part of the folate-mediated one-carbon metabolism."},{"label":"Title","value":"Vitamin B12 deficiency"},{"label":"URL","value":"https://bevital.no/pdf_files/literature/green_2017%20_nrdp_3_17040.pdf"},{"label":... |
Biology | Molecular oncology | MCQ | Loss of the Y chromosome in bladder cancer drives metabolic reprogramming | https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.26.672471v1 | Aug 31, 2025 | Researchers evaluated whether the absence of the DDR2 gene in Loss of Y chromosome (LOY) tumour cells affected glucose fluctuations in the culture medium or within the clarified cell lysate, as well as its effects on L-lactate abundance. Two cell lines were used and cultured under DMEM medium: CON_YnegN as the control ... | - Optical density of Glucose in culture media and cell lysate.
- Optical density of Lactate in culture media.
- Relative glucose comparison between the culture media and the cell lysate for CON_YnegN and DDR2KO_YnegN.
- Relative lactate comparison in the culture media between CON_YnegN and DDR2KO_YnegN. | A mutation in the DDR2 gene in LOY tumour cells may affect glucose levels and L-lactate abundance. The mutant cell line DDR2KO_YnegN and a control line were cultured in DMEM medium. The culture medium was then harvested, and cell lysates were prepared to measure glucose and L-lactate levels. For glucose, which of the f... | c) In the culture medium, glucose levels indicate reduced consumption, while in the cell lysates, they suggest an increase in intracellular glucose levels. | - Loss of the Y chromosome (LOY) contributes to both phenotypes in bladder cancer (BC), where metabolic reprogramming may provide a potential explanation.
- Metabolic reprogramming allows tumor cells to adapt their energy production and biosynthetic pathways, such as by shifting to aerobic glycolysis and lactate produc... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"Loss of the Y chromosome (LOY) contributes to both phenotypes in bladder cancer (BC), where metabolic reprogramming may provide a potential explanation"},{"label":"Title","value":"Immunosurveillance encounters cancer metabolism"},{"label":"URL","value":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s44319-023-0... |
Biology | Plant Biology | MCQ | The Arabidopsis UMAMIT30 transporter contributes to amino acid root exudation | https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.23.671809v1 | Aug 27, 2025 | Researchers evaluated whether the loss of UMAMIT30 function, an amino acid transporter, affects Arabidopsis thaliana growth. Seeds from wild-type Arabidopsis thaliana Col-0 plants and UMAMIT30 mutants (umamit30-1 and umamit30-2) were surface sterilized three times in 10% bleach for two minutes each, followed by three w... | - Biomass dry weight of the whole plant, shoots, and roots.
- Biomass fresh weight of the whole plant, shoots, and roots. | Mutations in UMAMIT30, an amino acid transporter from Arabidopsis thaliana, may alter amino acids homeostasis and impact growth phenotypes. To evaluate the effect on growth, two seed mutants, umamit30-1 and umamit30-2, were grown in MS agar plates for two weeks after which fresh and dry biomass of the whole plant, shoo... | a) Neither of the UMAMIT30 mutants alters amino acid homeostasis and impacts growth phenotypes. | - Arabidopsis thaliana is a plant species in which plant–environment interactions are influenced by root exudation.
- Plant root exudates typically consist of primary metabolites such as sugars, amino acids, and organic acids, as well as secondary metabolites.
- The amino acid composition of root exudates modulates bac... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"Arabidopsis thaliana is a plant species in which plant–environment interactions are influenced by root exudation"},{"label":"Title","value":"Feed Your Friends: Do Plant Exudates Shape the Root Microbiome?"},{"label":"URL","value":"https://escholarship.org/content/qt69z6h6mx/qt69z6h6mx.pdf ... |
Biology | Molecular oncology / Immunotherapy | Free-Format Question | Demonstration of SLU7 as a new pan-cancer target | https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.25.672085v1 | Aug 29, 2025 | To evaluate SLU7 as a potential cancer therapy target, two Pm299L-derived cell lines were generated: Pm299L-iCas9-sgSLU7 and Pm299L-iCas9-sgNTC. First, Pm299L cells were transduced with lentiviral vectors encoding a DOX-inducible Cas9, and a single clone with strong inducible expression (Pm299L-iCas9) was selected. Thi... | - Band intensity of each protein evaluated
- Comparison of protein expression levels of SLU7, Cas9, PARP1, ACTIN, and γ-H2AX, in the cell lines (Pm299L-iCas9-sgSLU7 and Pm299L-iCas9-sgNTC) | The target protein SLU7, the effector protein Cas9, the marker proteins PARP1 and γ-H2AX, and the control proteins ACTIN and GAPDH were evaluated by Western blot to assess the potential of SLU7 as a cancer therapy target. These proteins were extracted from two generated cell lines: Pm299L-iCas9-sgSLU7, a transducted ce... | Cas9, PARP1, and γ-H2AX | - SLU7 is an essential splicing factor required for the survival of cancer cells.
- SLU7 knockdown induces apoptosis across different cancer types, preceded by a cascade of molecular events including oxidative stress, R-loop accumulation, transcription-dependent genomic instability, DNA damage, replicative catastrophe,... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"SLU7 is an essential splicing factor for the survival of cancer cells."},{"label":"Title","value":"Splicing regulator SLU7 preserves survival of hepatocellular carcinoma cells and other solid tumors via oncogenic miR-17-92 cluster expression"},{"label":"URL","value":"https://doi.org/10.103... |
Biology | Zoology / Cryobiology | MCQ | Cryopreservation of Platynereis dumerilii larvae | https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.31.667934v2 | Aug 2, 2025 | Researchers tested different individuals and combinations of cryoprotectant agents (CPAs), such as dimethyl sulfoxide (Me₂SO), ethylene glycol (EG), propylene glycol (PG), glycerol (Gly), and sucrose (SUC), to develop a cryopreservation protocol that ensures long-term viability and supports proper post-thaw growth and ... | - Exposure time in minutes after exposure to individual and combined CPAs.
- Survival post-thaw percentage after exposure to individual and combined CPAs. | The cryoprotectant toxicity of individual and combined cryoprotectant agents (CPAs) were evaluated in eight day old Platynereis dumerilii to develop a cryopreservation protocol. Larvae were observed after being exposed to CPAs in two phases. The first phase consisted of a 3 minute exposure to individual CPAs: Me₂SO, 1.... | a) All individual CPAs tested will result in the same post-thaw survival percentage. | - Platynereis dumerilii is a marine annelid that has emerged as a significant model organism in chronobiological, neurobiological, developmental and evolutionary biology research.
- Cryopreservation offers a means to store and preserve biological materials for future use enabling long-term storage, facilitating sample ... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"Platynereis dumerilii is a marine annelid that has emerged as a significant model organism in chronobiological, neurobiological, developmental and evolutionary biology research."},{"label":"Title","value":"Seasonal variation in UVA light drives hormonal and behavioral changes in a marine a... |
Biology | Animal Behavior and Cognition | MCQ | Nighttime Caffeine Intake Increases Motor Impulsivity | https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.09.658656v1 | Jun 13, 2025 | Researchers examined whether nighttime caffeine consumption affected inhibitory control in female and male Drosophila melanogaster of the Canton-S (CS) wild-type strain. Flies were raised on a standard cornmeal/sucrose/yeast/agar medium at 25° C with 50 % relative humidity under a 12:12h light-dark cycle. For the exper... | - Number of movements exceeding 60 mm/sec following nighttime consumption of different caffeine concentrations (1, 5, 7.5, and 10 mg/ml).
- Number of loss of inhibition events (LIEs) following nighttime consumption of different caffeine concentrations (1, 5, 7.5, and 10 mg/ml).
- Comparison of the number of LIEs follow... | Nighttime consumption of different caffeine concentrations (1, 5, 7.5, and 10 mg/ml) in male and female Drosophila melanogaster of the Canton-S (CS) wild-type strain was evaluated to determine its effect on inhibitory control by loss of inhibition events (LIEs). Movements exceeding 60 mm/sec were counted as LIEs after ... | b) After nighttime caffeine consumption, female flies exhibited more LIEs than male flies at all concentrations tested. | - Caffeine is a psychoactive substance that increases alertness, reduces fatigue, and improves performance, especially under conditions of sleep deprivation.
- Drosophila melanogaster is a fly species used as a model system to investigate how nighttime caffeine intake affects inhibitory control.
- Inhibitory control is... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"Caffeine is a psychoactive substance that increases alertness, reduces fatigue, and improves performance, especially under conditions of sleep deprivation."},{"label":"Title","value":"Trends in intake and sources of caffeine in the diets of US adults: 2001–2010"},{"label":"URL","value":"ht... |
Biology | Microbiology | MCQ | Streptococcus pneumoniae accessory capsular genes modulate fitness, pathogenicity and immune evasion | https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.11.675585v1.full | September 15, 2025 | Researchers deleted all six acl (accessory capsular locus) genes from the Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 3 GPSC9-ST5435 strain BVY11Z and reintroduced the genes into the capsular locus of serotype 3 GPSC10-ST700 strain BVY23H, using an allelic replacement strategy. To evaluate the role of the serotype 3 acl in modul... | - Opsonic index (OI) for each tested strain
- Bacterial colony forming units (CFU).
| Researchers tested whether the absence of acl genes contributes to increased opsonophagocytic resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae. To test this hypothesis, they deleted all six acl (accessory capsular locus) genes from the Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 3 GPSC9-ST5435 strain BVY11Z (hereafter WT ST5435) and rein... | A. Reintroducing the acl region into GPSC10-ST700 would reduce its resistance to opsonophagocytic killing, and mutating acl in a serotype 3 ST5435 background would reduce its resistance to opsonophagocytic killing. | 1. Pneumococcal polysaccharide-conjugate vaccines (PCV) target the polysaccharide capsule (CPS)
2. Current PCVs induce suboptimal protection against serotype 3 strains
3. (ST) 700–GPSC10 serotype 3 lineage is characterized by the absence of at least 6 acl genes and a distinct antimicrobial resistance (AMR) profile comp... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"(ST) 700–GPSC10 serotype 3 lineage is characterized by the absence of at least 6 acl genes and a distinct antimicrobial resistance (AMR) profile compared to other serotype 3 strains."},{"label":"Title","value":"Clonal Expansion of a Streptococcus pneumoniae Serotype 3 Capsule Variant Seque... |
Biology | Pathology | Free-Format Question | A hierarchy of causes of death in senescent C. elegans | https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.21.671442v1 | Aug 25, 2025 | Researchers tested whether uterine tumors contribute to late-life mortality in Caenorhabditis elegans in the absence of bacterial infection. Worms were grown at 20˚C on agar plates containing nematode growth media, seeded with E. coli OP50 as a food source. Nematodes at two developmental stages, L4 and D2 (defined as d... | - Lifespan in days under substance administration (50 μM FUDR; 50 μM FUDR + 4mM Carb).
- Survival percentage under substance administration (50 μM FUDR; 50 μM FUDR + 4mM Carb). | Mortality scoring was performed in Caenorhabditis elegans at two stages, L4 and D2, following administration of 50 μM floxuridine (FUDR), and 50 μM FUDR + 4mM carbenicillin (Carb), to evaluate whether uterine tumors contribute to late-life mortality when bacterial infection is inhibited. What would you expect to happen... | In the presence of Carb and FUDR, L4 had a slightly shortened lifespan, but D2 had a significantly increased lifespan. | - Caenorhabditis elegans is a short-lived nematode whose death results from a combination of extrinsic and intrinsic factors, with infection by its bacterial food source being one of the major extrinsic causes.
- Escherichia coli is a bacteria used as a food source for C. elegans and is the major cause of infection to... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"Caenorhabditis elegans is a short-lived nematode whose death results from a combination of extrinsic and intrinsic factors, with infection by its bacterial food source being one of the major extrinsic causes."},{"label":"Title","value":"Run-on of germline apoptosis promotes gonad senescenc... |
Biology | Plant genetics | MCQ | DECREASE IN DNA METHYLATION 1-mediated epigenetic regulation maintains gene expression balance required for heterosis in Arabidopsis thaliana
| https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.21.671646v1.full
| August 26, 2025. | Researchers investigated the role of epigenetic regulation, particularly DNA methylation mediated by DECREASE IN DNA METHYLATION 1 (DDM1), in early seedling biomass heterosis using hybrids between Arabidopsis thaliana wild-type accessions Columbia-0 (Col-0) and C24 as parental lines. Two heterozygous mutants were gener... | - Rosette diameter (mm) at 14, 21, and 28 days after sowing in heterozygous and homozygous F1 lines after the cross of heterozygous mutants (C24 (DDM1/ddm1-9) x Col (DDM1/ddm1-1)).
- Leaf area at 14, 21, and 28 days after sowing in heterozygous and homozygous F1 lines after the cross of heterozygous mutants (C24 (DDM1/... | Researchers investigated the role of epigenetic regulation, particularly DNA methylation mediated by DECREASE IN DNA METHYLATION 1 (DDM1), in early seedling biomass heterosis using hybrids between Arabidopsis thaliana wild-type accessions Columbia-0 and C24. To determine the effect of the DDM1 mutation, two heterozygou... | B. At 21 DAS. | - Heterosis, also known as hybrid vigor, refers to the superior performance of the first filial generation (F1) plants compared to their parental lines.
- Epigenetics refers to mechanisms that influence gene regulatory networks without altering the underlying DNA sequence.
- Epigenetic regulation is important in the co... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"Epigenetics refers to mechanisms that influence gene regulatory networks without altering the underlying DNA sequence."},{"label":"Title","value":"SHeterosis of Arabidopsis hybrids between C24 and Col is associated with increased photosynthesis capacity"},{"label":"URL","value":"https://ww... |
Biology | Entomology | MCQ | Effects of Three Natural Dietary Compounds on Insect Pests | https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.23.655814v2 | May 28, 2025 | Researchers evaluated the relative efficacy of three natural compounds —neem oil, boric acid, and gallotannin acid— against larvae of three pest species: Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (red palm weevil), Plodia interpunctella (Indian meal moth), and Spodoptera exigua (beet armyworm). The larvae were reared on an optimal art... | - Larval survival (tracked at intervals: 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, and 20 days for R. ferrugineus, and 3, 6, 9, 12, and 15 days for the other species)
- Effective median lethal concentrations (LC50) of the tested compounds (neem oil, boric acid, and gallotannin acid)
- Corrected mortality (%) across species (Rhynchophorus ferru... | Researchers evaluated the relative efficacy of three natural compounds —neem oil, boric acid, and gallotannin acid— against larvae of three pest species: Rhynchophorus ferrugineus, Plodia interpunctella, and Spodoptera exigua. The larvae were reared on an optimal artificial semi‒diet composed of agar (20 g), distilled ... | A. At the highest concentration tested (5000 ppm), boric acid resulted in an effectiveness (corrected mortalities) of 100% at 9 or 12 days for all species | - The red palm weevil Rhynchophorus ferrugineus is a pest species that affects various palm and coconut trees
- The Indian meal moth Plodia interpunctella is a species that affects mainly stored plant products
- The beet armyworm Spodoptera exigua is a pest affecting herbaceous and horticultural crops
- Boric acid and ... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"The red palm weevil Rhynchophorus ferrugineus is a pest species that affects various palm and coconut trees"},{"label":"Title","value":"Biología y ecología del Curculiónido rojo de la palmera, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus"},{"label":"URL","value":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/2564... |
Biology | Molecular Biology | Free-Format Question | A novel expression system enabling scalable production of glycosylated flavonoids in Escherichia coli W using a plant-derived toxic gene | https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.09.674713v1 | Sep 13, 2025
| Researchers compared prunin production in the SBG2339 strain, which contains the synthetic phosphate (Pi)-depletion promoter system known as Pliar, with conventional strains SBG1818 and SBG2303, which use the RhaR/Prha and XylS/Pm promoters, respectively. To evaluate the performance of this regulatory system, the E. co... | - Prunin concentration in different E. coli strains (SBG2339, SBG1818, and SBG2303)
- Comparison of prunin production driven by different promoter systems (Pliar53, RhaR/Prha, and XylS/Pm) | Prunin production regulated by three different systems (Pliar53, RhaR/Prha, and XylS/Pm)was evaluated using E. coli strains SBG2339, SBG1818, and SBG2303, respectively. These strains were derived from the engineered platform SBG1888, which expresses the SbaiC7OGT gene. Prunin concentrations were measured in each strain... | The SBG2303 strain will yield a lower prunin production than both the SBG2339 and SBG1818 strains. | - Prunin, or naringenin-7-O-glucoside, is a flavonoid biosynthesized in plants.
- Naringenin is a substrate used for the production of prunin.
- SbaiC7OGT is a UDP-glycosyltransferase gene from Scutellaria baicalensis that catalyzes the 7-O-glycosylation of flavonoids.
- Escherichia coli is a microbial host commonly us... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"Naringenin is a substrate used for the production of prunin."},{"label":"Title","value":"Flavonoids naringenin chalcone, naringenin, dihydrotricin, and tricin are lignin monomers in papyrus"},{"label":"URL","value":"https://academic.oup.com/plphys/article/188/1/208/6400262"},{"label":"Date... |
Biology | Molecular Biology / Genetics | Free-Format Question | Loss-of-function mutations in PLD4 lead to systemic lupus erythematosus | https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09513-x | September 10, 2025 | Researchers tested whether six mutations (P181L, D189E, R201Q, Y248C, A323V, G457D) in phospholipase D family member 4 (PLD4) from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) had any effect on exonuclease activity. To evaluate the mutation, an assay was performed using lysates from reconstituted HEK293T PLD3-KO wi... | - Intensity of ssDNA band fragmentation across mutants (P181L, D189E, R201Q, Y248C, A323V, G457D) at 16, 35 and 50 hours. | Six mutations (P181L, D189E, R201Q, Y248C, A323V, G457D) in phospholipase D family member 4 (PLD4) from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) were evaluated in cell lysates from reconstituted HEK293T PLD3-KO with wild-type PLD4 cells to evaluate the effect on exonuclease activity. Previously, cells were in D... | None of the mutants are expected to show ssDNA fragmentation | - Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a complex multiorgan condition of variable severity.
- Phospholipase D family member 4 (PLD4) is a 5′ exonuclease that localizes in the endolysosomes and can cleave single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) and single-stranded DNA (ssDNA), thereby restricting the overactivation of TLR7 and TLR... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a complex multiorgan condition of variable severity."},{"label":"Title","value":"Genetics and pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus and lupus nephritis"},{"label":"URL","value":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25825084/"},{"label":"Date","value"... |
Biology | Plant genetics | Free-Format Question | ARABIDOPSIS Bsister and SEEDSTICK MADS-box transcription factors modulate maternal nutrient flow for seed development in Arabidopsis
| https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.21.665905v1
| July 24, 2025
| Researchers evaluated whether mutation of abs (tt16-6) and stk (stk-2) in Arabidopsis thaliana had any effect in the development of ovules and seeds by monitoring scratch accumulation. A wild-type seed (wt), and mutant seeds (abs, stk, and abs stk) were sown either directly on soil or on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium... | - Lugol staining intensity in mature ovules of Arabidopsis thaliana to assess starch accumulation across wild-type (WT) and mutant lines (abs, stk, and abs stk). | Starch accumulation was determined by Lugol staining intensity in isolated ovules from dissected pistils of Arabidopsis thaliana wild-type (WT) and mutant lines (abs, stk, and abs stk). Pistils were collected from flowers prior to anthesis, from plants grown from seeds previously sown either directly in soil or initial... | Higher starch accumulation is expected within the embryo sac, at the boundary between the nucellus and the chalaza, between the chalaza and the funiculus, and in the micropylar integuments. | - Starch accumulation occurs in gamethophytic and sporophytic tissues when arabidopsis ovules behave as sink organs.
- ARABIDOPSIS Bsister/TRANSPARENT TESTA 16 (ABS/TT16) sporophytically expresses MADS-box genes that regulates the differentiation and pigmentation of the endothelium, as well as nucellus degeneration.
- ... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"Starch accumulation occurs in gamethophytic and sporophytic tissues when arabidopsis ovules behave as sink organs."},{"label":"Title","value":"Starch Turnover and Metabolism during Flower and Early Embryo Development"},{"label":"URL","value":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC512970... |
Biology | Plant genetics / Plant biotechnology | Free-Format Question | Diploid gametes in maize by mutation of A-Type cyclins: a step towards apomeiosis and synthetic apomixis | https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.16.654085v1 | May 19, 2025 | Researchers tested whether the maize genome contains A-type cyclins similar to those found in Arabidopsis thaliana. They identified eight A-type cyclins and tested their ability to produce diploid gametes in the B104 maize variety. To determine whether the loss of function of maize A-type cyclins results in diploid gam... | - Ploidy of male gametes and somatic cells, determined by measuring DNA content of nuclei from pollen and leaves using flow cytometry.
- Penetrance of the diploid gamete phenotype, inferred by calculating the percentage of filled, viable kernels resulting from reciprocal crosses between mutant and wild-type plants. | Diploid gamete formation regulated by A-type cyclins in maize was evaluated by targeting three genes using CRISPR-Cas9 in a single or multiplexed fashion. Diploid gamete formation was measured by performing flow cytometry on pollen grains or leaves of edited plants. What ploidy would you expect to find in an individual... | Progeny are diploid because the single mutant produces normal haploid gametes, showing that neither male nor female meiosis was disrupted to a detectable level. | 1. A-type cyclins are required for meiosis II.
2. Unreduced gametes are gametes that did not undergo a meiotic division, resulting in 2n gametes.
3. Multiplexed gRNAs refer to constructs containing gRNAs that target more than one gene.
4. Wild-type Maize is a diploid species | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"A-type cyclins are required for meiosis II."},{"label":"Title","value":"The CYCLIN-A CYCA1;2/TAM Is Required for the Meiosis I to Meiosis II Transition and Cooperates with OSD1 for the Prophase to First Meiotic Division Transition"},{"label":"URL","value":"https://journals.plos.org/plosgen... |
Biology | Plant Biotechnology, Developmental Genetics | Free-Format Question | Gene regulatory network analysis of somatic embryogenesis identifies morphogenic genes that increase maize transformation frequency | https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.22.659756v1 | June 23, 2025 | An experiment was conducted to identify new morphogenic regulator genes that could improve maize transformation efficiency.
Researchers induced somatic embryogenesis by transforming immature maize embryos with Agrobacterium carrying vectors expressing BABY BOOM and WUSCHEL2. 1 week after transformation, transformed c... | - Transformation frequency: percentage of total explants transformed (as indicated by RUBY expression), measured using a Canon EOS 1200D camera for visual observation, across five experimental treatments: (1) tdTomato (negative control); (2) bHLH48; (3) EREB152; (4) GRF4; and (5) HB77
| An experiment was carried out to identify new genes that could improve maize transformation efficiency. Using single-cell RNA sequencing and gene regulatory network analysis, researchers identified 60 candidate transcription factors. The four most promising candidates were validated in transformation experiments using ... | EREB152 produced the greatest improvement. | - Somatic embryogenesis is the process by which a somatic plant cell develops into an embryo and potentially a fertile plant. It's a critical step in generating transgenic plants, through Agrobacterium-mediated transformation and gene editing.
- Low transformation frequencies in maize pose problems for maize crop impro... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"Somatic embryogenesis is the process by which a somatic plant cell develops into an embryo and potentially a fertile plant. It's a critical step in generating transgenic plants, through Agrobacterium-mediated transformation and gene editing."},{"label":"Title","value":"Rapid genotype “inde... |
Chemistry | Chemistry | MCQ | Lab-Scale Thermal Decomposition of Hydrogen Peroxide as
Green Propellant over Low-Cost Catalysts Based on Copper
Deposited on Different Supports
| https://www.mdpi.com/2226-4310/12/5/440 | May 15, 2025 | Researchers investigate the thermal degradation of the H2O2 green monopropellant. Three distinct catalysts—copper supported on γ-alumina, graphite, and MNC clay—were used. Conversely, a LABSYS evo-gasorption apparatus (Category: DTA/TG/DSC, Model: Setaram Instrumentation) was used to perform differential thermal analys... | - Differential pressure (ΔP, in kPa) vs time (minutes) was recorded.
- ΔP for each catalyst (Cu/γ-alumina, Cu/graphite, Cu/clay) compared to the uncatalyzed control.
- ΔP at 0 °C and 36 °C to assess temperature effects on decomposition rate. | Which of the following statements best describes the observed catalytic activity (as measured by differential pressure, ΔP, vs time) for the decomposition of 30 % H₂O₂ over the three copper-supported catalysts (Cu/γ-alumina, Cu/graphite, Cu/clay) compared to the uncatalyzed decomposition, at 36 °C and 0 °C?
A. At both... | C. At 0 °C, Cu/clay a rate that is slower than the uncatalyzed reaction at the beginning, then becomes faster than the uncatalyzed reaction, while Cu/graphite, and Cu/γ-alumina have a similar rate and are higher than the uncatalyzed reaction. At 36 °C all three are faster than uncatalyzed reaction, Cu/γ-alumina is the ... | -As the world increasingly focuses on sustainable and environmentally friendly solutions, there is a growing interest in exploring greener alternative propellants that offer comparable performance while mitigating the drawbacks associated with hydrazine and its derivatives.
-The thermal decomposition of hydrogen peroxi... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"As the world increasingly focuses on sustainable and environmentally friendly solutions, there is a growing interest in exploring greener alternative propellants that offer comparable performance while mitigating the drawbacks associated with hydrazine and its derivatives."},{"label":"Titl... |
Biology | Tendon Repair / Mechanotransduction | Numerical Values | GsMTx4-loaded GelMA promotes tendon regeneration and suppresses heterotopic ossification via the Apelin signaling pathway | https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0142961225004260?via%3Dihub | June 19, 2025 | Researchers employed Male Sprague Dawley (SD) rats (10–12 weeks old, weighing 250–300 g) as animal model for studying tendon repair and regeneration. A central defect (1 mm in width and 5 mm in length) was created in the Achilles tendon using two parallel No.15 surgical blades. Subsequently, the skin was sutured using ... | - Histologic Bonar Score (ATD, GelMA, GelMA + 50 μg GsMTx4, GelMA + 100 μg GsMTx4): 2 weeks; 4 weeks; 8 weeks. | Researchers employed Male Sprague Dawley (SD) rats (10–12 weeks old, weighing 250–300 g) as animal model for studying tendon repair and regeneration. A central defect (1 mm in width and 5 mm in length) was created in the Achilles tendon using two parallel No.15 surgical blades. The rats were randomly assigned to one of... | ΔBS (GelMA - GelMA + 100 μg GsMTx4) 8-weeks post treatment = 4 - 6 points; derived from BS GelMA 8-weeks post treatment = ~ 9 points, BS GelMA + 100 μg GsMTx4 8-weeks post treatment = ~ 4 points. Note: No CI/SE/SD reported -> fallback ± 10% units (rounded) applied. | - Tendon regeneration is highly relied on the surrounding mechanical environment.
- Studies have demonstrated the importance of Piezo1 in modulating cellular behaviors to mechanical cues, such as cell migration, differentiation, proliferation, and extracellular matrix synthesis.
- GelMA hydrogel demonstrates excellent ... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"- Tendon regeneration is highly relied on the surrounding mechanical environment."},{"label":"Title","value":"In vitro loading models for tendon mechanobiology"},{"label":"URL","value":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jor.23752"},{"label":"Date","value":"September 28, 2017"},{"... |
Biology | Immunology / Microbiology | Numerical Values | The gut microbiota directs vitamin A flux to regulate intestinal T cell development | https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.08.674524v1 | Sep 10, 2025 | Researchers tested whether the intestinal microbiota influences retinoid flux through intestinal cellular pathways in five cell types: Intestinal epithelial (IE) cells, lamina propria (LP) CD11c⁺ cells, mesenteric lymph node (mLN) CD11c⁺ cells, LP CD4⁺ T cells, and mLN CD4⁺ T cells. For the study, cells from three grou... | - Time points after ³H-retinol uptake.
- Counts per minute of ³H-retinol uptake.
- Comparison of peak ³H-retinol uptake across mice groups: conventional, antibiotic-treated and reconventionalization. | Retinoid flux of 10 μCi/mL ³H-retinol at 0 and 6 hours, and at 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, and 10 days through intestinal epithelial (IE), lamina propria (LP) CD11c⁺, mesenteric lymph node (mLN) CD11c⁺, LP CD4⁺ T, and mLN CD4⁺ T cells was measured in three groups of C57BL/6J wild-type mice (conventional, antibiotic-treated, and rec... | 0.95-1.05 days | - Retinoids are a class of compounds derived from Vitamin A molecules.
- Retinol is a type of retinoid that is converted into retinoic acid (RA) by intestinal myeloid cells, this molecule is transferred to developing mLN T cells.
- The intestinal microbiota shapes adaptive immunity by restoring intestinal lymphocyte ac... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"Retinoids are a class of compounds derived from Vitamin A molecules."},{"label":"Title","value":"Commensals Suppress Intestinal Epithelial Cell Retinoic Acid Synthesis to Regulate Interleukin-22 Activity and Prevent Microbial Dysbiosis"},{"label":"URL","value":"https://www.cell.com/immunit... |
Biology | Pharmacology and Toxicology | Numerical Values | Peripheral Neuropathy After Chronic Alcohol Exposure in Mice: Impact of sex, total intake and duration and alcohol metabolism. | https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.02.673579v1 | Sep 7, 2025 | Researchers tested whether chronic alcohol concentration (2.5% or 5% EtOH) induces long-term, concentration- and sex-dependent mechanical hypersensitivity in mice during both the development phase (1 to 4 weeks of intake) and the recovery phase (1 to 10 weeks post-withdrawal). Adult male and female C57BL/6J mice were h... | - Paw withdrawal thresholds across alcohol consumption stages (development and withdrawal).
- Comparison of paw withdrawal threshold across alcohol concentrations (2.5% and 5%).
- Sex-based comparison of mechanical hypersensitivity curves (female vs. male mice). | Adult male and female C57BL/6J mice were given either a control Lieber-DeCarli liquid diet or a Lieber-DeCarli liquid diet containing 2.5% or 5% (v/v) alcohol during a 1- to 4-week development phase. After 4 weeks, the mice entered a 10-week withdrawal phase, during which they were switched back to standard pellet food... | ΔPW = (0.18-0.22) g, derived from PW(1week)= ~ 0.4 g, PW(10week) = ~ 0.6 g at [2.5% v/v EtOH in females). Note: No CI/SE/SD reported -> fallback ±0.02 g applied. | - Chronic alcohol consumption can cause related pain phenotypes, such as alcohol-induced peripheral neuropathy (AIPN). Behavioral responses, such as somatosensory hypersensitivity, vary by sex and are influenced by the overall level of alcohol exposure.
- Alcohol-induced peripheral neuropathy (AIPN) is a progressive an... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"Chronic alcohol consumption can cause related pain phenotypes, such as alcohol-induced peripheral neuropathy (AIPN). Behavioral responses, such as somatosensory hypersensitivity, vary by sex and are influenced by the overall level of alcohol exposure."},{"label":"Title","value":"Sex-specif... |
Chemistry | Organic chemistry / Photochemistry | MCQ | Antioxidant and Photoprotective Capacity of Secondary Metabolites Isolated from Pseudocyphellaria berberina | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/30/18/3833 | September 22, 2025 | Researchers aimed to evaluate the photoprotective and antioxidant capacities of lichen-extracted aromatic organic compounds. Brialmontin 2 (compound 1), physciosporin (compound 2), pseudocyphellarin A (compound 3), calycin (compound 4), and 22- hydroxistictan-3-one (compound 5) were isolated from the lichen material (t... | - DPPH free radical assay: Absorbance at 517 nm of assay reactions with compounds 1 to 5 at 5, 50, 100, 500 and 1000 ppm (UV-VIS GENESYS 10; Thermo Scientific, Madison, WI, USA).
- Free radical scavenging activity (RSA) (%): 100 x (𝐴𝑏𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑘−𝐴𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒)/(𝐴𝑏𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑘); where RSA = free radical scavenging activi... | Researchers aimed to evaluate the photoprotective and antioxidant capacities of lichen-extracted aromatic organic compounds. Brialmontin 2 (compound 1), physciosporin (compound 2), pseudocyphellarin A (compound 3), calycin (compound 4), and 22-hydroxistictan-3-one (compound 5) were isolated from P. berberina. Purity an... | B) Compound 3 demonstrates a lower antioxidant activity (%RSA) than compound 2 at all tested concentrations (ppm) except for 1000 ppm. | - Pseudocyphellaria berberina is found in open habitats with high humidity, rain, and high luminosity; being expected that it biosynthesizes photoprotective and/or antioxidant metabolites.
- DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) assay determines antioxidant activity based on measured scavenging activity towards a stable... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"- Pseudocyphellaria berberina is found in open habitats with high humidity, rain, and high luminosity; being expected that it biosynthesizes photoprotective and/or antioxidant metabolites."},{"label":"Title","value":"Epiphytic lichens of Conguillío National Park, southern Chile (Líquenes e... |
Chemistry | Analytical chemistry / Nanotechnology | MCQ | Water Permeates and Plasticizes Amorphous Carbon Dots: Unraveling the Inner Accessibility of the Nanoparticles by Glass Transition Studies | https://advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/adma.202510992 | September 22, 2025 | Researchers aimed to determine the effects of different reaction conditions on the characteristics of carbon dots. To prepare the carbon dots, β-Alanine (β-Ala) and triethylenetetramine (TETA, 97%) were dissolved in Milli-Q water (300 µL) and stirred at room temperature for 10 min in the dark. The mixture was reacted i... | - Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA): ramp from 40 to 700 °C at 20 °C/min for CDs_3, CDs_5, CDs_10, CDs_30 and CDs_60 (TGA Discovery; TA Instruments).
- Flash Differential Scanning Calorimetry (FDSC): temperature range between −40 and 200 °C and heating/cooling rate of 1000 K/s for CDs_3, CDs_5, CDs_10, CDs_30 and CDs_60... | To determine the effects of different reaction conditions on the characteristics of carbon dots, β-Alanine (β-Ala) and triethylenetetramine (TETA) were dissolved in Milli-Q water and stirred at room temperature for 10 min in the dark. The mixture was microwave reacted at 230 °C and 200 W for different times (3, 5, 10, ... | A) The degradation temperature (Td), occurs at ≈390 ± 5 °C for all the specimens, while temperature mid-point (Tg) shifts from 112 °C for CDs_3 to 136 °C for CDs_60. | - The core of carbon dots is generally described as hydrophobic and “inaccessible”, being highly dehydrated and composed of either amorphous, randomly cross-linked carbon or partially ordered sp2 domains (graphitic CDs).
- The diffusion of a substance like water can modify the thermodynamic variables of amorphous mater... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"- The core of carbon dots is generally described as hydrophobic and “inaccessible”, being highly dehydrated and composed of either amorphous, randomly cross-linked carbon or partially ordered sp2 domains (graphitic CDs)"},{"label":"Title","value":"The polymeric characteristics and photolum... |
Chemistry | Controlled release / Nanotechnology | MCQ | Sustained Release of Antibacterial Therapeutic Elements from Functionalized Mesoporous Silica-Coated Silver Nanoparticles for Bone Tissue Engineering | https://www.mdpi.com/2624-8549/7/5/146 | September 10, 2025 | Researchers aimed to characterize silver (Ag)-releasing pristine and functionalized mesoporous silica-coated silver nanoparticles. For that purpose, core–shell-structured silver (Ag)-mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) (Ag@MSNs) were synthesized using a sol–gel method. An NaOH solution (2 M, 3.5 mL) was added into w... | - Specific surface (ASAP2020 HD88, Micromeritics, Norcross, USA): Ag@MSNs, Ag@MSNs-NH2 and Ag@MSNs-COOH.
- Pore diameter (ASAP2020 HD88, Micromeritics, Norcross, USA): Ag@MSNs, Ag@MSNs-NH2 and Ag@MSNs-COOH.
- Pore volume (ASAP2020 HD88, Micromeritics, Norcross, USA): Ag@MSNs, Ag@MSNs-NH2 and Ag@MSNs-COOH. | Researchers aimed to characterize silver (Ag)-releasing pristine and functionalized mesoporous silica-coated silver nanoparticles. For that purpose, core–shell-structured silver (Ag)-mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) (Ag@MSNs) were synthesized using a sol–gel method. For -NH2 functionalization, Ag@MSNs were disper... | A) Pore diameter: Ag@MSNs > Ag@MSNs-NH2 > Ag@MSNs-COOH; Specific area: Ag@MSNs-COOH similar to Ag@MSNs-NH2 | - A change in the mesoporous silica nanoparticle (MSN) structure following surface functionalization due to substantial number of functional group grafting onto the inner surface of the MSNs, results in a narrowed pore diameter and reduced pore volume and surface area.
- The carboxylation treatment did not change the s... | null |
Chemistry | Physical Chemistry | Free-Format Question | Comparison of the Performance of Fluorescent, Phosphorescent and TADF Luminophores for Explosives Sensing | https://chemrxiv.org/engage/chemrxiv/article-details/68b4a37ea94eede154c30152 | Sep 3, 2025 | Optically dilute solutions of luminophore concentrations on the order of 42 μM were prepared in toluene. Absorption spectra were recorded at room temperature on a Shimadzu UV-2600 double beam spectrophotometer using a 1 cm quartz cuvette. Steady-state emission spectra and Time Correlated Single Photon Counting (TCSPC) ... | -Peak value of the lowest energy absorption band for luminophores Alq3, fac-Ir(ppy)3, and 4CzIPN, as well as for 2,4-dinitrotoluene (DNT) , in nm.
-Molar absorptivity of luminophores Alq3, fac-Ir(ppy)3, and 4CzIPN, in M-1 cm-1
-Lowest energy absorption band performed at room temperature by exciting each compoundat i... | The optoelectronic characterization of Alq3, fac-Ir(ppy)3, and 4CzIPN in solution was measured before and after addition of DNT. What would you expect to happen with the absorbance after DNT addition? In which order- in terms of molar absorptivity, from the highest- would you expect the luminophores to be? In which ran... | Once DNT is introduced, the absorbance increases due to the contribution from the absorption band of DNT (labs = 297 nm), which extends to around 400 nm.
In terms of molar absorptivity, the order of luminophores starting from the highest is 4CzIPN >Ir(ppy)3 >Alq3 .
The ΦPL values for each luminophore are as follows: A... | -Nitroaromatic explosives, such as 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) and its precursor 2,4-dini-trotoluene (DNT), are frequently found in munitions industries for military applications, landmines, and other explosive remnants of war. Consequently, detecting these compounds is essential to protect people from unwanted explosi... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"Nitroaromatic explosives, such as 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) and its precursor 2,4-dini-trotoluene (DNT), are frequently found in munitions industries for military applications, landmines, and other explosive remnants of war. Consequently, detecting these compounds is essential to protect... |
Chemistry | Organic Chemistry, Electrochemistry | MCQ | Experimental mechanistic studies on alternating polarity electrolysis for carbon-centered radical generation | https://chemrxiv.org/engage/chemrxiv/article-details/68d702973e708a76496df5dd | June 5, 2025 | Researchers conducted a research on aryl radical C-P bond synthesis in a setup of two-electrode using an IKA ElectraSyn 2.0. The reaction was performed using 0.1mmol potassium 4-methoxyphenyl trifluoroborate and 0.1mmol triethyl phosphite solution ($P(OEt)_{3}$) in 4 mL of acetone with no additional salt as electrolyt... | -Crude ${}^1\text{H NMR}$ spectroscopy and ppm shift in acetone-$d_{6}$ of ($P(OEt)_{3}$) produced by electrolysis at 20 mA-0.1 Hz (A), 10 mA-0.5 Hz (B), and 3 mA-10 Hz (C).
-Integration of product peaks relative to a terephthalonitrile standard to determine product yield (%) of the resulting ($P(OEt)_{3}$) between A, ... | Researchers conducted an experiment of aryl radical C-P bond synthesis using electrolyzing potassium 4-methoxyphenyl trifluoroborate along with triethyl phosphite with platinum electrodes under an $N_{2}$ atmosphere. A total charge of 4 F/mol was passed through the cell. Three different sets of alternating polarity con... | A. Greatest yield was achieved with Condition A (20 mA, 0.1 Hz) due to enhanced current driving reaction, but with product oxidation and side reactions due to increased potential. | - Alternating Polarity Electrolysis is an electrochemical technique in which the polarity of the working and counter electrodes is periodically switched, used in the electrosynthesis to mitigate the electrode passivation by the incorporation of a cleaning cycle into the waveform.
- Carbon-centered radicals are unstable... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"- Alternating Polarity Electrolysis is an electrochemical technique in which the polarity of the working and counter electrodes is periodically switched, used in the electrosynthesis to mitigate the electrode passivation by the incorporation of a cleaning cycle into the waveform."},{"label... |
Chemistry | Physical Chemistry, Food Chemistry | MCQ | Physicochemical Properties of Runner Bean and Their Starch, With a Comparison to Corn Starch | https://ift.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/1750-3841.70440 | Jul 24, 2025 | The amylose content of the runner bean starches was determined using 20 mg of the starch sample was dispersed in 10 mL of 0.5 N KOH. The suspension was homogenized for 5 min. It was then transferred to a 100-mL volumetric flask and diluted to the calibration mark with distilled water. A 10-mL aliquot of the starch solu... | -Absorbances of the samples (Scarlet Emperor, White Swan, and Corn starch) in nm.
-Calculation of % of amylose using a standard curve using final amylose concentrations of ∼0.004, 0.008, 0.012, 0.016, and 0.020 mg mL−1. | The amylose content of two runner bean starches (Scarlet Emperor and White Swan) was determined and compared to Corn starch using a spectrophotometry method. Considering that the % of amylopectin content is calculated by difference with amylose, which outcomes would you expect? Mark all the correct options:
A) Scarlet... | A) Scarlet Emperor has more amylose content (in %) than White Swan and Corn starch.
C)The amylose content of corn starch is higher than White Swan.
| -Runner bean is an underutilized legume that is a rich in protein, similar to those found in other pulses such as Bambara groundnut (15%–27%) and cowpea (16%–31%)
-The protein and starch in runner beans represent valuable ingredients with potential applications in the industry. For example, the protein isolates from ... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"Runner bean is an underutilized legume that is a rich in protein, similar to those found in other pulses such as Bambara groundnut (15%–27%) and cowpea (16%–31%)"},{"label":"Title","value":"Enrichment of food blends with bambara groundnut flour: Past, present, and future trends"},{"label"... |
Chemistry | Material Chemistry | Free-Format Question | Single-Crystal Synchrotron X-ray diffraction Study Reveals Bulk Intermediate M2 phase during the VO2 Insulator-to-Metal transition | https://chemrxiv.org/engage/chemrxiv/article-details/68c7e4b89008f1a467a158b5 | September 19, 2025 | VO₂ single crystals were prepared by synthesizing VO₂ powder from V₂O₃ and NH₄VO₃ (750 °C, 3 h, Ar), then annealing at 1200 °C for 12 h in Ar; a ~45 × 30 × 25 µm crystal that initially showed no twinning was selected.
Single-crystal synchrotron X-ray diffraction (SCXRD) was performed at SPring-8 BL02B1 (λ = 0.2463 Å) u... | - For the cooling setpoints 355, 350, 345, 340, and 335 K, single-crystal X-ray diffraction (SCXRD) datasets were acquired. Acquisition parameters per setpoint: three 0–180° ω-scans at χ = 0°, 25°, 45°; 0.2°/frame; 2700 frames; 0.5 s/frame exposure; 600 µm Ni attenuator.
- From each dataset, unit-cell parameters (a, ... | A pure, untwinned VO2 crystal is heated to 355 K and then cooled to 335 K in 5 K intervals while its structure is monitored using X-ray diffraction. In this cooling sequence, what phases, including the intermediate phases, would be observed at each temperature? | 355 K: R (P4₂/mnm). 350 K: R (P4₂/mnm). 345 K (cooling): Mostly R, with M2 (C2/m) appearing transiently in frames 1–36, 708, and 709 (intermediate phase). 340 K: M2 (C2/m). 335 K: M1 (P2₁/c). | - VO₂ IMT & phases: VO₂ exhibits a reversible insulator-to-metal transition near ~340 K (~67 °C) between M1 (monoclinic, P2₁/c) and R (tetragonal rutile, P4₂/mnm).
- An intermediate monoclinic M2 (C2/m) phase can emerge in bulk VO₂ during the transition (thermal-path dependent), so phase identification may involve R ↔... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"VO₂ IMT & phases: VO₂ exhibits a reversible insulator-to-metal transition near ~340 K (~67 °C) between M1 (monoclinic, P2₁/c) and R (tetragonal rutile, P4₂/mnm). "},{"label":"Title","value":"Control of the metal–insulator transition in vanadium dioxide by modifying orbital occupancy"},{"la... |
Chemistry | Analytical Chemistry | Free-Format Question | Refining Nature's Defense: Production and Evaluation of Mosquito Repellents from Ocimum tenuiflorum L. (Krishna and Rama Subtypes) and Ocimum gratissimum L. Essential Oils | https://chemrxiv.org/engage/chemrxiv/article-details/68b28477a94eede1548681bb | Sep 12, 2025 | The effectiveness of the mosquito repellent sprays (each one formulated with one active component: O. tenuiflorum L.subtype Krishna, O. tenuiflorum L.subtype Rama, and O. gratissimum L.) was evaluated using the following method. Equal numbers of adult male and female volunteers between the ages of 18 and 55 were sele... | -Percentage protection (%p), calculated as the reduction in landings by the treatment when compared to the negative control over all exposures using equation %p = ((C−T)/C)X100, where T is the average number of mosquito bites on the surface per minute on the test arm and C is the average number of mosquito bites per m... | The effectiveness of the mosquito repellent sprays (each one formulated with one active component: O. tenuiflorum L.subtype Krishna, O. tenuiflorum L.subtype Rama, and O. gratissimum L.) was evaluated through the calulation of percentage protection (%p) every 30 min. What values of %p would you expect each different r... | After 150 min, the O. tenuiflorum L. subtype Krishna repellent spray had a %p of 87.9±14.3, the O. tenuiflorum L.subtype Rama spray had a %p of 88.6±4.5, and the O. gratissimum L one had a %p of 88.6±4.1. The positive control (DEET) showed a %p of 90.7±6.9. | -Mosquito-borne diseases, such as malaria, dengue fever, chikungunya, and Zika, pose major global health threats and are responsible for more than 700,000 deaths annually .
-With climate change favorable for the pathogens and their resistance evolving, there is an urgent need for sustainable vector control strategies ... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"Mosquito-borne diseases, such as malaria, dengue fever, chikungunya, and Zika, pose major global health threats and are responsible for more than 700,000 deaths annually."},{"label":"Title","value":"Vector-borne diseases"},{"label":"URL","value":"https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/d... |
Chemistry | Electrochemistry. | Numerical Values | Time-resolved photo-electrochemical measurements to study band bending of BiVO4 photoanodes. | https://chemrxiv.org/engage/chemrxiv/article-details/68b1a2e2728bf9025e19a17e? | Sep 05, 2025. | Thin-film BiVO₄ photoanodes were investigated in a three-electrode photo-electrochemical RRDE cell under chopped AM 1.5G illumination. Light switch-ON/OFF transients were recorded over 0–2.5 V vs RHE, and the disk photocurrent during switch-ON was fit with exponentials to isolate the fast space-charge reorganization ti... | - Disk photocurrent transients** at light switch-ON/OFF (current vs time) across 0–2.5 V vs RHE.
- Exponential fits of transients to extract characteristic time constants (including τ\_fast) in seconds; report the average τ\_fast (switch-ON) over the potential window.
- Steady-state J–E curves** under illumination.
- R... | Thin-film BiVO₄ photoanodes were tested in a three-electrode photo-electrochemical RRDE cell under chopped AM 1.5G illumination. During light “switch-ON” steps over 0–2.5 V vs RHE, the disk photocurrent transients were fit with exponentials to isolate the fast space-charge reorganization process (τ\_fast).
At these con... | 0.0022±0.002 s. | - BiVO₄ is a semiconductor photoanode used for oxygen evolution under illumination; its behavior is probed in a three-electrode photoelectrochemical cell.
- Band bending at the semiconductor/electrolyte interface creates a space-charge region that governs carrier separation and the early transient response.
- Time-reso... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"- BiVO₄ is a semiconductor photoanode used for oxygen evolution under illumination; its behavior is probed in a three-electrode photoelectrochemical cell."},{"label":"Title","value":"A Novel Aqueous Process for Preparation of Crystal Form-Controlled and Highly Crystalline BiVO4 Powder from... |
Chemistry | Materials Science / Materials Chemsitry | Free-Format Question | Distributed direct air capture by carbon nanofiber air filters | https://chemrxiv.org/engage/chemrxiv/article-details/68c21cac9008f1a467b779dd | September 01, 2025 | Researchers investigated the CO2 capture properties of carbon nanofiber (CNF) nonwoven prepared by electrospinning of 8wt% polyacrylonitrile (PAN) in DMF at 8kV and 1mL/hr flow rate. This was followed followed by calcination at 250C in air for 5hr and pyrolysis under argon between 600C-900C for 2hr to obtain conductive... | -In situ Fourier transform infrared-attenuated total reflectance (FTIR-ATR) spectra during heating from 27 °C to 105 °C.
-CO2 breakthrough analysis under dry and humid conditions with 400 ppm CO2/N2 mixture, measuring downstream CO2 concentration.
-Adsorption capacity retention and PEI weight loss over temperature-swin... | Researchers prepared PEI–CNF direct-air-capture (DAC) filters with pyrolyzed between 600-900C and PEI mass loadings between 16-78% for CO2 capture experiments. Fibers with varying PEI loading were subject to breakthrough experiments under dry and humid conditions with 400 ppm CO2/N2 mixture, measuring downstream CO2 co... | The FTIR peak at 3347cm-1 is from amine stretching from free surface sites after CO2 desorption. As the CO2 adsorption is based on amine binding, breakthrough times (and consequently capacity) increase with PEI content and humidity. For the same reason, in-situ TGA confirms recoverable cyclic capacity fades with PEI ma... | - Reversible amine - CO₂ binding governs capture and regeneration. CO₂ binds to PEI amine sites on the CNF filter during adsorption, and heating releases (desorbs) CO₂ to restore capacity.
- At low temperatures, captured CO₂ remains bound. Without heating, there is no desorption; the adsorbed CO₂ stays on the amine sit... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"Reversible amine - CO₂ binding governs capture and regeneration. CO₂ binds to PEI amine sites on the CNF filter during adsorption, and heating releases (desorbs) CO₂ to restore capacity."},{"label":"Title","value":"Polyethylenimine Applications in Carbon Dioxide Capture and Separation: Fro... |
Chemistry | Catalysts / Materials Science | Numerical Values | Enhanced Amitriptyline Degradation by Electrochemical Activation of Peroxydisulfate: Mechanisms of Interfacial Catalysis and Mass Transfer | https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30183835 | September 22, 2025 | Carbon-encapsulated zinc oxide nanocomposites (C@ZnO) were synthesized using a hydrothermal–calcination method. Specifically, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, and 4.0 g of ZnO were mixed with equal amounts of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) in 300 mL of ultrapure water. Then, 19.8 g of glucose was added to the above suspension. After 24 h of... | - Surface morphology: scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of 50 C@ZnO, 100 C@ZnO, 200 C@ZnO, and 400 C@ZnO.
- Surface area and pore volume: BET/BJH analysis of N2 adsorption–desorption isotherms of 50 C@ZnO, 100 C@ZnO, 200 C@ZnO, 400 C@ZnO, and pristine ZnO. | Researchers aimed to fabricate amorphous carbon-encapsulated zinc oxide modified anodes as catalysts for amitriptyline degradation. Carbon-encapsulated zinc oxide nanocomposites (C@ZnO) were synthesized using a hydrothermal–calcination method. Through this process, amorphous carbon-encapsulated ZnO composites were obta... | Δ BET surface area [50 C@ZnO - 400 C@ZnO] (m^2/g): 247 - 302; derived from 443.44 (50 C@ZnO) - 169.20 (400 C@ZnO). Note: no CI reported → fallback ±10 % applied | • Antibiotics and compounds such as amitriptyline (AMT) are detected in wastewater and natural waters, reaching high concentrations and causing negative ecological impacts.
• Various methods are being investigated to remove AMT and other PPCPs, with particular emphasis on the use of carbon materials and metal oxides
•... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"Antibiotics and compounds such as amitriptyline (AMT) are detected in wastewater and natural waters, reaching high concentrations and causing negative ecological impacts."},{"label":"Title","value":"Antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes in landfills: A review."},{"label":"URL","value... |
Physics | Applied Physics | MCQ | Reducing Temperature Swing and Rectifying Radiative Heat Transfer for Passive Dynamic Space Thermal Control with Variable-Emittance Coatings | https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.13794 | September 17, 2025 | An experiment was conducted to measure the thermal rectification of a dynamic, thermochromic $\text{VO}_{2}$ coating in a high-vacuum ($<1\times 10^{-3} \,\text{Pa}$) cryostat. The coating, consisting of a 55-nm $\text{VO}_{2}$, 500-nm silicon, and 200-nm aluminum thin film stack, was fabricated on a 1-inch-squared sil... | - Measuring radiative heat flux (in KW/m2) against temperature from 25 °C to 100 °C, forward-biased scenarios in both heating and cooling cycles.
- Measuring radiative heat flux (in KW/m2) against temperature from 25 °C to 100 °C, reversed-biased scenarios in both heating and cooling cycles. | An experiment was conducted to measure the thermal rectification of a dynamic, thermochromic $\text{VO}_{2}$ coating in a high-vacuum cryostat. The coating consists of a silicon and aluminum thin film stack. This sample was attached to a polyimide thin-film heater and mounted on a 5 mm thick acrylic carrier plate with ... | d) The forward heat flux is approximately equal to the reverse heat flux at low temperature and significantly larger at higher temperatures, and the radiative heat flux shows a nearly constant thermal conductance for the reversed-biased scenario. | - VO2 has a phase transition, which could occur within a narrow 20°C temperature range around 68°C.
- The total hemispherical emittance of the VO2FP emitter in the metallic phase is reduced by 10% from the total normal emittance, while it remains the same in the insulating phase without excitation of FP resonance.
- ... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"VO2 has a phase transition, which could occur within a narrow 20°C temperature range around 68°C."},{"label":"Title","value":"Highly transparent smart thermal emitter realized by thin vanadium dioxide"},{"label":"URL","value":"https://pubs.aip.org/aip/jap/article/137/8/085302/3337032/Highl... |
Physics | Applied Physics | Free-Format Question | Thermal Endurance of Suspended Thin-Film Lithium Niobate up to 800 °C | https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.13568 | September 16, 2025 | An experiment was conducted to study the thermal endurance of suspended thin-film lithium niobate (LN) acoustic resonators. The devices were fabricated on a 600 nm thick stoichiometric X-cut LN film on 1 µm amorphous silicon (a-Si) on 500 µm high-resistivity silicon wafer, with interdigitated electrodes made of 40 nm o... | - Electrode metal resistivity obtained with DC probes on the meandering line resistivity structures initially and after each annealing round
- Physical changes to the device structure via optical microscopy, including the observation of anchor breakage at elevated temperatures | Researchers studied the thermal endurance of suspended thin-film lithium niobate (LN) acoustic resonators. The devices were fabricated on a 600 nm thick stoichiometric X-cut LN film on a 1 µm amorphous silicon (a-Si) sacrificial layer on 500 µm high-resistivity silicon wafer, with interdigitated electrodes made of 40 n... | Resistivity decreased after the first anneal at 250°C, and increased with subsequent annealing rounds in that range. | - Lithium niobate possesses a high Curie temperature of 1200 °C, which has potential for use in harsh thermal environments.
- The LN quality can degrade when heated because lithium atoms can diffuse out of the LN, and can form Li-poor LiNb$_3$O$_8$ phases in the LN film.
- The metal, LN, and support substrate all have ... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"The LN quality can degrade when heated because lithium atoms can diffuse out of the LN, and can form Li-poor LiNb$_3$O$_8$ phases in the LN film."},{"label":"Title","value":"Effect of the annealing treatment on the physical and structural properties of LiNbO3 thin films deposited by radio-... |
Physics | Physics/Atomic physics
| Free-Format Question | Compact Continuous Cold Atomic Beam from a Single Cell with 3D Cooling and Ultra-low Light Shift | https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.13126 | October 15, 2025 | Researchers investigated a compact single-cell source of a continuous cold-atom beam (⁸⁷Rb) that achieves simultaneous 3D cooling by integrating a two-dimensional magneto-optical trap (2D MOT) with an off-axis moving optical molasses (OM). A vapor-cell apparatus (overall length ≈170 mm) provided transverse MOT cooling ... | - Time-of-flight (TOF) time series and distribution obtained from the emitted fluorescence from the atoms in F=2 state, collected with imaging optics and recorded by a calibrated PMT at a primary detection distance of 294 mm. | Researchers investigated the longitudinal temperature and atomic flux of a continuous cold ⁸⁷Rb beam using a time-of-flight (TOF) method. The temperature was extracted from the FWHM of the TOF distribution, while the flux was obtained from the integrated spectral density. Based on measurements for a saturation intensit... | Increasing MOT power raises the flux but affects the temperature only weakly. | - Combining a 2D MOT with an off-axis moving OM yields a high-flux beam with significantly reduced longitudinal temperature compared to conventional MOT-based sources.
- Continuous operation of cold-atom beam sources eliminates the dead time inherent to pulsed sources and thus suppresses aliasing noise from undersampli... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"Continuous operation of cold-atom beam sources eliminates the dead time inherent to pulsed sources and thus suppresses aliasing noise from undersampling."},{"label":"Title","value":"Improvement of the frequency stability below the dick limit with a continuous atomic fountain clock"},{"labe... |
Physics | Condensed Matter Physics | Numerical Values | Role of non-reciprocity in spin-wave channeling | https://arxiv.org/pdf/2505.07401 | May 12, 2025 | The study employed patterned synthetic antiferromagnetic (SAF) films composed of Co40Fe40B20 (17 nm)/Ru(0.7 nm)/Co40Fe40B20 (17 nm). The films were shaped into 5 μm-wide stripes acting as spin-wave conduits and insulated by a 150 nm Si3N4 layer. A 1.8 μm-wide, 160 nm-thick microwave antenna was fabricated on top to gen... | - Frequency of the uniform acoustic mode measured from microfocused BLS spectra patterned synthetic antiferromagnetic (SAF) films. | The study employed patterned synthetic antiferromagnetic (SAF) films composed of Co40Fe40B20 (17 nm)/Ru(0.7 nm)/Co40Fe40B20 (17 nm). Brillouin light scattering (BLS) microscopy was employed to image the dynamic magnetization. The antenna was driven by a monochromatic RF source (3–10 GHz), which primarily excited the ac... | The frequency of uniform modes for the acoustic mode at a field strength of 50 mT is 6.14 - 6.54 GHz. (No CI/SE/SD is mentioned, fallback ±0.2 GHz) | - Recognizing that the experiment uses patterned synthetic antiferromagnetic (SAF) stripes (5 µm wide) with a microwave antenna (1.8 µm wide) to excite spin waves.
- Recognizing that the antenna’s coverage fraction affects excitation uniformity and hence influences the detected Brillouin Light Scattering (BLS) signal.... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"Recognizing that the experiment uses patterned synthetic antiferromagnetic (SAF) stripes (5 µm wide) with a microwave antenna (1.8 µm wide) to excite spin waves."},{"label":"Title","value":"Exchange energies in CoFeB/Ru/CoFeB synthetic antiferromagnets."},{"label":"URL","value":"https://do... |
Physics | Physics | Free-Format Question | Improving the lifetime of aluminum-based superconducting qubits through atomic layer etching and deposition | https://arxiv.org/pdf/2506.17474 | June 20, 2025 | Researchers investigate the effect of a post-fabrication surface treatment combining atomic layer etching (ALE) and atomic layer deposition (ALD) on aluminum-based superconducting quantum devices. The device is comprised of λ/4 coplanar waveguide (CPW) resonators and planar trasmon qubits (24 µm-wide capacitor plates w... | - PiFM spectra averaged across Si and Al regions for ALE+ALD-treated transmon qubit chips (a.u vs. cm^-1).
- PiFM spectra averaged across Si and Al regions for untreated transmon qubit chips (a.u vs. cm^-1).
| A dry surface treatment that combines atomic layer etching and deposition (ALE and ALD) for dielectric loss in fully fabricated quantum devices formed from aluminum thin films on silicon is applied to coplanar waveguide resonators and planar transmon quibits. When comparing the area-normalized PiFM spectra averaged acr... | The untreated resonator (Al and Si) exhibits a monotonic decay in area-normalized photo-induced force, while the ALE+ALD treated resonator (Al trace) exhibits higher values across the range, with a large peak around the 950 cm^-1 wavenumber and smaller peaks decreasing after that. | - Atomic layer etching (ALE) is a technique used to remove material with atomic level precision using sequential, self-limiting surface reactions.
- Atomic layer deposition (ALD) is a chemical vapor deposition technique based on sequential self-terminating gas–solid reactions used for manufacturing inorganic material l... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"Atomic layer etching (ALE) is a technique used to remove material with atomic level precision using sequential, self-limiting surface reactions."},{"label":"Title","value":"Competition between Al2O3 atomic layer etching and AlF3 atomic layer deposition using sequential exposures of trimeth... |
Physics | Physics/Medical Physics | Numerical Values | In vivo solid stress is associated with poor patient survival in glioma | https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.00009 | September 15, 2025 | Researchers tested whether tumor growth caused increased displacement field magnitude. Seven female C57BL/6 mice (10 ± 2 weeks old) were investigated at 13 and 22 days following GBM implantation. Implantation was done by injection of 20,000 GL261 tumor cells into the right striatum (2 mm lateral, 1 mm anterior, and 3 m... | ● Tumour volume over time (day 13 vs day 22)
● Displacement field magnitude by MRI (healthy mice vs glioblastoma mice)
● Solid stress and deformation measurements (shear wave speed, volumetric strain, octahedral shear strain, shear modulus) using multifrequency MRE with 3D MRI and diffeomorphic image registration. | Female C57BL/6 mice (10 ± 2 weeks old) were investigated by 7T MRI at 13 and 22 days following GBM cell implantation and compared to healthy controls. Based on tumor growth rate and aggressiveness, what is the mean displacement field magnitude, in mm, of the GBM mice at day 22 when compared to healthy control mice? | GBM mean displacement field magnitude = [2.1 - 3.1] mm at day 22, based on 95% confidence intervals | ● Gliomas are the most common malignant brain tumors with glioblastoma (GBM) being the most prevalent and lethal subtype, accounting for 54% of newly diagnosed gliomas.
● In vivo magnetic resonance elastography (MRE) has revealed that gliomas exhibit unusual soft solid properties compared to the typically highly viscou... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"Gliomas are the most common malignant brain tumors with glioblastoma (GBM) being the most prevalent and lethal subtype, accounting for 54% of newly diagnosed gliomas."},{"label":"Title","value":"CBTRUS Statistical Report: Primary Brain and Central Nervous System Tumors Diagnosed in the Uni... |
Physics | Physics/Nuclear Experiment | Numerical Values | Beta-decay Half Lives beyond Ca-54: A Systematic Survey of Decay Properties approaching the Neutron Dripline | https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.19757#:~:text=Uthayakumaar%2C%20W.%20B.%20Walters%2C%20S.,of%20single%2Dparticle%20neutron%20states. | October 22, 2025 | Researchers investigated β-decay half-lives of neutron-rich nuclei near ⁵⁴Ca to study shell evolution toward the neutron dripline.
The experiment was conducted at the Facility for Rare Isotope Beams (FRIB) using the FRIB Decay Station initiator (FDSi). A 215 MeV/nucleon, 10-kW ⁸²Se primary beam bombarded a 5-mm carbon ... | - β-decay half-lives of neutron-rich isotopes near ⁵⁴Ca were measured using correlated β–γ–neutron detection at the FRIB Decay Station initiator (FDSi).
- Particle identification was obtained from ΔE–TOF measurements using an MSX100 Si PIN detector and a parallel-plate avalanche counter.
- Implantation and decay timing... | Researchers investigated β-decay half-lives of neutron-rich isotopes near ⁵⁴Ca to explore changes in nuclear structure beyond the N = 34 shell closure. Based on the experimental data, what is the predicted half-life of ⁵⁹Sc obtained from decay curve fitting using the Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method? | Half-life(59Sc) = 5.5–9.5 ms (from MCMC decay-curve fitting).
| - Understanding of β-decay processes and how half-lives reflect nuclear shell structure and stability near the neutron dripline.
- Knowledge of the experimental techniques such as ΔE–TOF particle identification and implantation–decay correlation analysis.
- Knowledge of how γ-ray and β-delayed neutron detections are us... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"Understanding of β-decay processes and how half-lives reflect nuclear shell structure and stability near the neutron dripline."},{"label":"Title","value":"Global description of 𝛽− decay in even-even nuclei with the axially-deformed Skyrme finite-amplitude method"},{"label":"URL","value":"... |
Biology | Plant biotechnology | Numerical Values | Induction of synthetic apomixis in two sorghum hybrids enables seed yield and genotype preservation over multiple generations | https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.02.662806v1 | July 5, 2025. | Researchers sought to induce a process similar to natural apomixis in Sorghum bicolor, a sexually reproducing species. They identified three genes—SPO11, REC8, and OSD1—that control the meiotic process. Using CRISPR-Cas9, the researchers targeted these genes, evoking a mitotic-like division and producing unreduced, non... | - 104 SNP markers of the mother plant compared to its T3 offspring.
- Percentage of SNP conservation between the mother plant and its T3 offspring.
| Maintenance of heterozygosity was assessed in a sorgum T2 hybrid progeny derived from a T2 transgenic plant that contained triple homozygous knockout edits for SPO11, REC8, and OSD1 genes, resulting in a Mitotic-like division (MiMe), with the ectopic expression of the BBM gene that induces parthenogenesis. What would b... | 88%-98% | -Some species can form seed asexually via apomixis where the maternal genotype is preserved in the progeny.
-Introduction of apomixis from natural species to sexual relatives by plant breeding has generally proved inefficient or unsuccessful with respect to clonal seed production.
-Two broad categories of apomictic m... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"Some species can form seed asexually via apomixis where the maternal genotype is preserved in the progeny"},{"label":"Title","value":"Gametophytic Apomixis"},{"label":"URL","value":"https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-69302-1_10"},{"label":"Date","value":"January, 1984"},{"... |
Biology | Microbiology | MCQ | Inhibition of Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli adhesion via aptamers prevents infection in IPEC-J2 cells | https://bmcmicrobiol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12866-025-04233-8 | August 25, 2025 | Scientists tested whether two aptamers could reduce Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) K88 adhesion and cytotoxicity in vitro in IPEC-J2 cells (intestinal porcine epithelial cells derived from neonatal piglet jejunum). Two aptamers, K88-Apt A04 (fimbrial-specific aptamer) and K88-Apt 37 (cell-targeting aptamer), ... | - Quantification of adherent bacteria via CFU counts after Triton X-100 lysis and plating (comparison across MOIs, incubation times and aptamer concentrations).
- Morphology/apoptosus after crystal violet staining and microscopy.
- Cytotoxicity measured by LDH assay (492/620 nm), expressed as % cytotoxicity relative to... | Researchers tested whether two DNA aptamers, K88-Apt 37 (cell-targeting) and K88-Apt A04 (fimbrial-targeting), could reduce the adhesion of Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) K88 to porcine intestinal epithelial IPEC-J2 cells. Aptamers were tested in three conditions: adherence inhibition (aptamer + bacteria, then... | B. Both K88-Apt 37 and K88-Apt A04 demonstrated the best anti-adhesion effect when mixed with the bacteria first. | - Entertoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) K88 is a pathogenic strain causing diarrhea in post-weaned piglets that begins with adhesion to intestinal epithelial cells via fimbriae (K88 adhesin).
- Aptamers are short single-stranded DNA or RNA sequences that bind to target molecules.
- K88-Apt A04 binds ETEC K88 fimbriae... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"Entertoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) K88 is a pathogenic strain causing diarrhea in post-weaned piglets that begins with adhesion to intestinal epithelial cells via fimbriae (K88 adhesin).\n"},{"label":"Title","value":"Both flagella and F4 fimbriae from F4ac + enterotoxigenic Escherichia... |
Biology | Chemical Ecology / Animal Behavior | MCQ | A male-derived volatile sex pheromone in Caenorhabditis nematodes identified through its mimicry by a predator | https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.12.675966v1.full | September 17, 2025 | Researchers used solid phase microextraction (SPME) to sample headspace volatiles present above live cultures of C. remanei and C. elegans adult males, as well as those of females and hermaphrodites from both species, respectively. Focusing on methyl 3-methyl-2-butenoate (MMB), a compound produced by a predacious fungi... | - GC x GC-MS chromatograms obtained for SPME headspace sampling for both species, as well as for an authentic sample of methyl 3-methyl-2-butenoate (MMB)
- GC x GC-MS mass spectra obtained for SPME headspace sampling for both species, as well as for an authentic sample of methyl 3-methyl-2-butenoate (MMB)
- Chemotaxi... | Researchers used solid phase microextraction (SPME) to sample headspace volatiles present above live cultures of C. remanei and C. elegans adult males, as well as those of females and hermaphrodites from both species, respectively. Focusing on methyl 3-methyl-2-butenoate (MMB), a compound produced by a predacious fungi... | C. The compound methyl 3-methyl-2-butenoate (MMB) was found to be produced by C. remanei males only. | - The nematode-trapping fungus Arthrobotrys oligospora has shown a remarkable instance of chemical mimicry wherein the fungus secretes a mixture of volatile compounds, including those representing olfactory cues of food, to lure prey nematodes
- The strong attraction elicited by methyl 3-methyl-2-butenoate (MMB), was h... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"The nematode-trapping fungus Arthrobotrys oligospora has shown a remarkable instance of chemical mimicry wherein the fungus secretes a mixture of volatile compounds, including those representing olfactory cues of food, to lure prey nematodes"},{"label":"Title","value":"Nematophagous fungus... |
Biology | Entomology | MCQ | Envenomation leads to venom protein reduction and recovery delay in bumblebee workers | https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.25.666811v1.full | July 31, 2025 | Researchers investigated proteomic changes in the venom sac, the primary reservoir for venom storage, of Bombus terrestris workers over a short time-course post-envenomation. Bombus terrestris colonies (n=5) were obtained from Koppert Biological Systems (Netherlands) and kept under constant conditions at 28°C and under... | - Protein content of the venom samples
- Proteome changes in the venom sac at different timings post-evenomation | Researchers investigated proteomic changes in the venom sac, the primary reservoir for venom storage, of Bombus terrestris workers over a short time-course post-envenomation. To induce envenomation, researchers used parafilm-covered 0.2ml tubes filled with 100µl autoclaved phosphate buffered saline (PBS). For each col... | A. Researchers found that nearly all reduced and elevated SDAPs (significantly differentially abundant proteins) were unique to individual time-points. | - The venom sac acts as a reservoir for the storage of venom proteins that are primarily produced in the connected tubular venom glands.
- Changes in the venom sac proteome can provide an insight into the molecular response and recovery post-envenomation.
- Venom regeneration is potentially costly | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"The venom sac acts as a reservoir for the storage of venom proteins that are primarily produced in the connected tubular venom glands."},{"label":"Title","value":"The venom gland of queens of Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera, Apidae): morphology and secretory cycle"},{"label":"URL","value":"htt... |
Biology | Behavioral Ecology / Entomology | MCQ | Male bumblebees adapt foraging to environmental conditions to sustain mate-seeking efforts | https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.08.674615v1.full | September 11, 2025 | Researchers investigated how the spatial arrangement of nectar and scent-marking sites, along with nectar availability, influence male Bombus terrestris movement patterns. They manipulated the distribution of feeders (artificial flowers) and scent-marking locations (branches), and varied nectar delivery rates, to asses... | - Behavior frequency variability (foraging, scent-marking, and patrolling) across different combinations of spatial resource distribution (clumped vs. dispersed) and nectar availability (low vs. high)
- Total time spent performing each behavior across different combinations of spatial resource distribution (clumped vs.... | Researchers investigated how the spatial arrangement of nectar and scent-marking sites, along with nectar availability, influence male Bombus terrestris movement patterns. They manipulated the distribution of feeders (artificial flowers) and scent-marking locations (branches), and varied nectar delivery rates, to asses... | D. Nectar availability had minimal effects on foraging, scent-marking, and patrolling event frequencies.
| - Animals adjust how they allocate time and energy – for example, balancing foraging with reproductive behaviors – based on both internal conditions (such as energy reserves) and external cues (such as resource availability, competition, and predation risk)
- Bumblebee workers (Bombus spp.) learn sequences of flower v... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"Animals adjust how they allocate time and energy – for example, balancing foraging with reproductive behaviors – based on both internal conditions (such as energy reserves) and external cues (such as resource availability, competition, and predation risk) "},{"label":"Title","value":"Meta-... |
Biology | Plant genetics | MCQ | ALFIN-LIKE Proteins Orchestrate H3K4me3-H3K27me3 Crosstalk to Regulate Plant Embryogenesis | https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.08.647773v1 | April 8, 2025 | Researchers studied the antagonistic interplay between H3K27me3 and H3K4me3 during Arabidopsis embryogenesis. They identified a developmentally specific interaction between the FIS-PRC2 complex and ALFIN-LIKE (AL) proteins. AL proteins are a family of plant-specific PHD domain proteins that recognize H3K4me3. The Arabi... | - Embryos defect at the globular stage (%) of wild type vs mutants of the alfin genes (triple, quadruple, quintuple, and sextuple).
- Embryos defect at the heart stage (%) of wild type vs mutants of the alfin genes (triple, quadruple, quintuple, and sextuple).
- Confocal images of seeds/ovules from wild type vs mutants... | Researchers evaluated embryo development at the globular stage in wild-type and al mutant seeds (triple, quadruple, quintuple, and sextuple) from self-pollinated plants based on clearing analysis. Confocal images were taken and embryo defects were measured in both wild-type and al mutants, and classified as either mild... | C, D. Five (quintuple) mutants and Six (sextuple) mutants. | - The MEA-PRC2 (also called FIS-PRC2) complex functions specifically in the female gametophyte, early embryo, and endosperm, a placental-like tissue that fills the seed cavity and provides nutrients to the growing embryo.
- ALFIN-LIKE (ALs), is a class of plant-specific PHD domain proteins that bind H3K4me3.
| [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"- The MEA-PRC2 (also called FIS-PRC2) complex functions specifically in the female gametophyte, early embryo, and endosperm, a placental-like tissue that fills the seed cavity and provides nutrients to the growing embryo."},{"label":"Title","value":"Arabidopsis MSI1 is a component of the M... |
Biology | Plant genetics | Free-Format Question | AtSDR4L and its paralog DIG2 repress somatic embryogenesis during post-embryonic development in Arabidopsis | https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.19.677292v1 | September 21, 2025 | Researchers evaluated whether mutation of genes SEED DORMANCY 4-LIKE (Atsdr4l-5) and its paralog DYNAMIC INFLUENCER of GENE EXPRESSION 2 (dig2), had any effect in preventing the expression of positive regulators of somatic embryogenesis in seedlings of Arabidopsis thaliana and thus repressing somatic embryogenesis. To ... | - Development of callus tissue on wild-type and the double mutant (Atsdr4l-5 dig2) after auxin treatment.
- Development of somatic embryos on wild-type and the double mutant (Atsdr4l-5 dig2) after transferring the callus to an auxin-free medium. | Somatic embryo development was assessed by microscopical observation in wild-type (WT) and double mutant (Atsdr4l-5 dig2) seeds of Arabidopsis thaliana. Seeds were inoculated in half-strength Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium (M0404, Sigma Aldrich) with 1% sucrose and 5 µM 2,4 D (D70724, Sigma Aldrich) and incubated at 4... | In a minimal condition that can induce the callus formation in Col-0 seedlings without a subsequent formation of somatic embryos from calli, Atsdr4l-5 dig2 seedlings exhibited the formation of embryo-like structures from calli | - Somatic embryogenesis is the capability to form asexual embryos arising from somatic cells, independent of fertilized gametes.
- SEED DORMANCY 4-LIKE (AtSDR4L) is a transcriptional corepressor from Arabidopsis thaliana that is an accessory to the Polycomb Repressive Complex.
- Atsdr4l loss-of-function mutants exhibit... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"Somatic embryogenesis is the capability to form asexual embryos arising from somatic cells, independent of fertilized gametes."},{"label":"Title","value":"'Open minded' cells: how cells can change fate"},{"label":"URL","value":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17194589/"},{"label":"Date","v... |
Biology | Biology / Zoology | Free-Format Question | The genitals of rhinoceros beetles: a general overview of the endophallus in the tribe Agaocephalini (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae) | https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.18.677223v1 | September 21, 2025 | Researchers investigated the male genital structures (endophalli) of rhinoceros beetles in the tribe Agaocephalini. Selected specimens were softened by immersion in hot water for 10-20 minutes, and the abdomen was removed to extract the aedeagus. The tissues were digested in 10% KOH at room temperature for 6-24 hours d... | -Extent of endophallus eversion after KOH digestion and water immersion.
-Visibility and contrast of endophalli with and without Nigrosin staining.
-Morphological characters of the endophallus (temones, lobes, endophalliculi, raspulae, endophallites) observed under stereoscope and microscope.
| Researchers prepared and examined the endophalli (male intromittent organs) of 93 rhinoceros beetle specimens representing Agaocephalini and comparative Dynastinae tribes. Specimens were digested in 10% KOH, washed, preserved in glycerol, and mounted in 2.5% carboxymethyl cellulose; some were stained with 10% Nigrosin ... | A ring-like structure | - The endophallus is a membranous sac encased inside the aedeagus, specifically within the median lobe, is composed of two sclerotized temones, a lobe (or lobes), and a number of spine-like endophallites.
- The aedeagus is the external sclerotized structure of the male genitalia, composed of a bilobed tegmen and a phal... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"The endophallus is a membranous sac encased inside the aedeagus, specifically within the median lobe, is composed of two sclerotized temones, a lobe (or lobes), and a number of spine-like endophallites."},{"label":"Title","value":"Morphology and terminology of dung beetles (Coleoptera: Sca... |
Biology | Animal Behavior, Behavioral Ecology | Free-Format Question | Vocally mediated coordination during a cooperative task in parrots | https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.10.681640v1 | October 11, 2025 | Researchers investigated whether peach-fronted conures (small parrots) use vocal communication to coordinate during a cooperative string-pulling task. Four individuals (two males, two females) were tested in all six pairwise combinations. The apparatus consisted of an out-of-reach sliding board with food rewards, featu... | - Vocalization type per call: Units: Categorical (9 types: aggressive, contact, contact soft, high harmonics, intense, soft, soft harmonics, soft intense, readiness-call), determined by hierarchical cluster analysis (hclust, R stats package) applied to audio recordings; recorded across all trials over four experimental... | An experiment investigated whether peach-fronted conures (small parrots) use vocal communication to coordinate during a cooperative string-pulling task. The task required each pair to pull the two ends of a loose string at the same time. If either bird acted alone the string slipped and no reward was obtained (trial fa... | High harmonics and Intense calls showed significant associations with trial failure. | - Communication is a social event where an emitter produces a signal to be received by a listener with the purpose of influencing the listener’s behavior; communication has occurred when the listener receives and responds to the emitted signal.
- In many animal species, vocalizations play a crucial role in coordinating... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"Communication is a social event where an emitter produces a signal to be received by a listener with the purpose of influencing the listener’s behavior; communication has occurred when the listener receives and responds to the emitted signal."},{"label":"Title","value":"Signalers and recei... |
Biology | Microbiology | Free-Format Question | Thyme essential oil potentials as a bactericidal and biofilm-preventive agent against prevalent bacterial pathogens | https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-16485-5 | August 27, 2025 | Researchers evaluated the antibacterial activity of nine essential oils (ginger oil, basil oil, thyme oil, peppermint oil, clove oil, sage oil, geranium oil, lavender oil, and garlic oil) against gram-positive and gram-negative pathogens (Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25,923, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (M... | - Zone of inhibition (mm) of essential oils (ginger oil, basil oil, thyme oil, peppermint oil, clove oil, sage oil, geranium oil, lavender oil, and garlic oil) against bacterial srains (Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25,923, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus MRSA ATCC 43,300, Bacillus cereus ATCC 33,018, Listeria... | Researchers tested nine essential oils (ginger, basil, thyme, peppermint, clove, sage, geranium, lavender, and garlic) against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus MRSA ATCC 43300, Bacillus cereus ATCC 33018, Listeria inn... | Sage oil and Geranium oil will produce the smallest inhibition zone against Bacillus cereus ATCC 33018 | - Plant essential oils (EOs) have low molecular weights and are lipophilic, allowing them to penetrate tissues quickly and efficiently.
- EOs are considered antimicrobial.
- EOs can interact with the lipid bilayer of bacterial cell membranes and disrupt function (cell cycle, protein synthesis, DNA replication, motility... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"Plant essential oils (EOs) have low molecular weights and are lipophilic, allowing them to penetrate tissues quickly and efficiently.\n"},{"label":"Title","value":"Antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antibiofilm properties of essential oils extracted from Dialium guineense."},{"label":"URL","v... |
Biology | Cancer Biology | Numerical Values | Mitochondria-targeting polymer cLipG/CuET activates the cGAS/STING pathway to enhance cholangiocarcinoma immunotherapy | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12512424/ | Oct 09, 2025 | Researchers evaluated whether cLipG/CuET alone or in combination with αCTLA-4 exhibits anti-cancer activity in a cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) mouse (C57BL/6J) model. To establish the CCA model, each mouse received a hydrodynamic tail-vein injection containing 25 µg of KRAS^G12D and 10 µg of sgP19 plasmids together with Sle... | - Body weight (g) of mice recorded throughout the 21-day treatment period after different treatments (saline, cLipG/CuET, αCTLA-4, and cLipG/CuET + αCTLA-4)
- Liver weight (g) measured at necropsy of mice to assess tumor burden after different treatments (saline, cLipG/CuET, αCTLA-4, and cLipG/CuET + αCTLA-4).
- Liver ... | Researchers treated cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) model mice with cLipG/CuET alone, αCTLA-4 alone, or a combination of cLipG/CuET and αCTLA-4 for 21 days. The cLipG/CuET was administered intravenously every other day, and αCTLA-4 was administered intraperitoneally three times per week. After the 21-day treatment, mice were ... | Weight = [19.44 - 23.76] g , derived from body weight ~21.60 g after treatment with αCTLA-4 in CCA model mice on day 6. Note: No CI/SE/SD reported -> fallback ±2.16 g applied. | - CTLA-4-positive are lymphocytes that are more enriched in Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) tissues than in peritumoral liver tissues.
- cLipo is modified with disulfiram copper (CuET) to form nanoparticles (Lipo@CuET, cLipo/CuET) with a stronger anti-cancer efficacy.
- CuET is a novel copper ethylthiocarbamate c... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"CTLA-4-positive are lymphocytes that are more enriched in Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) tissues than in peritumoral liver tissues.\n"},{"label":"Title","value":"Reprogramming the Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma Immune Microenvironment by Chemotherapy and CTLA-4 Blockade Enhances An... |
Biology | Infectious Disease | Numerical Values | Therapeutic potential of greenly synthesized selenium nanoparticles against experimental cyclosporiasis | https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-15238-8 | August 17, 2025 | Researchers studied the therapeutic potential of greenly synthesized selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) in the treatment of Cycolospora cayetanensis infection. Swiss albino mice (male, 4-6 weeks, weighing 23+/- 2 g) were rendered immunocompromised by weekly intraperitoneal injections of cyclophosphamide (70 mg/kg) and oral... | - Serum levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) (mol/mL) across groups (healthy uninfected untreated, infected untreated, infected mice treated with cotrimoxazole, and infected mice treated with SeNPs) on day 14 post-infection.
- Serum levels of reduced glutathione (GSH) (mg/dL) across groups (healthy uninfected untreated, inf... | Researchers studied the therapeutic potential of greenly synthesized selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) in the treatment of Cycolospora cayetanensis infection. Swiss albino mice (male, 4-6 weeks, weighing 23+/- 2g) were rendered immunocompromised by weekly intraperitoneal injections of cyclophosphamide (70 mg/kg). Mice (n=... | MeanGSH = [4.30 – 5.22] mg/dL. Fallback ±0.46 SD. | - Cyclospora cayetanensis is a protozoan parasite that causes diarrheal disease in immunosuppressed individuals.
- Cotrimoxazole (TMP-SMX) is the standard drug for cyclosporiasis infections.
- Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) are experimental, eco-friendly nanotherapeutics that exhibit high metabolic stability, membrane... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"- Cyclospora cayetanensis is a protozoan parasite that causes diarrheal disease in immunosuppressed individuals. "},{"label":"Title","value":"Cyclospora Cayetanensis Cyclosporiasis: Update Microorganisms "},{"label":"URL","value":"https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/7/9/317"},{"label":"Date","v... |
Chemistry | Organic Synthesis | MCQ | Selective Nitration and Nitrosation of ArylBoronic Acid Derivatives with N-Nitrososulfonamides | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12332795/ | May 15, 2025 | Researchers performed the selective nitrosation of arylboronic acids using a controlled solution-phase method under mild, metal-free conditions. In a typical experiment, arylboronic acid (0.1 mmol) was combined with nitrosating reagent NO-1 (1.0 equiv) in dichloromethane (1 mL, 0.1 M) at room temperature (25 °C). Aceti... | - Product yield (%) measured by chromatographic isolation to quantify the conversion efficiency of arylboronic acids or aryltrifluoroborates to nitroso or nitroarenes.
- Product identity and purity verified using ¹H NMR (400 MHz) and ¹³C NMR (100 MHz) spectroscopy.
- Electronic substituent effects (σp values) analyze... | A mild, metal-free protocol was established for the nitration and nitrosation of arylboronic acids and aryltrifluoroborates using the nitrosating reagent NO-1 in dichloromethane (0.1 M, 25 °C). The effects of acid catalysts (AcOH, HCl), reaction time, and substituent electronics were systematically examined to control ... | C. In the range of approximately 0.20 to 0.40 | - 3,3-dimethyl-2-nitroso-2,3-dihydrobenzo[d]isothiazol-1,1-dioxide is a source of nitroso groups, however is only able to achieve nitrosation via ipso substitution.
- Aryl substitution products and rates can often be rationalised through the use of Hammett constants which is a measure of the electronic effect a functi... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"3,3-dimethyl-2-nitroso-2,3-dihydrobenzo[d]isothiazol-1,1-dioxide is an electrophilic source of nitroso groups"},{"label":"Title","value":"Versatile New Reagent for Nitrosation under Mild Conditions"},{"label":"URL","value":"https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.orglett.1c00637?ref=PDF"},{"l... |
Biology | Microbiology | Numerical Values | Indolicidin derivatives as potent dual-action antifungal and antibacterial agents for the treatment of skin infections: A comprehensive study from in vitro to in vivo evaluation | https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0331796 | September 5, 2025 | Researchers evaluated a novel antimicrobial peptide (AMP), synthesized from Indolicidin (IND-4, 11K), for antimicrobial efficacy against Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria, and Candida albicans. IND-4, 11K was designed by replacing proline at positions 3 and 10 with lysine (via solid-phase peptide synthesis... | - Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) (µM) across strains (S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, S. epidermidis, E. coli, K. pneumoniae, Enterococcus, and Candida albicans) after administration of serial twofold dilutions of peptides IND and IND-4, 11K (1280-80 µM)
- Minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) (µM) across strains... | In an in vitro antimicrobial study, researchers tested a novel peptide (IND-4,11K), derived from Indolicidin, against several bacterial and fungal pathogens. Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC strains were revived on nutrient media, adjusted to ~10⁴ CFU/mL, and inoculated into 96-well plates containing Müller–Hinton broth. Pe... | 116-140 µM | - AMPs (antimicrobial peptides) are short peptides that exhibit broad-spectrum activity by targeting bacterial membranes or inhibiting intracellular processes.
- IND-4, 11K is an indolicidin derivative, replacing prolines at positions 3 and 10 with lysine. | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"AMPs (antimicrobial peptides) are short peptides that exhibit broad-spectrum activity by targeting bacterial membranes or inhibiting intracellular processes. "},{"label":"Title","value":"Antimicrobial host defence peptides: functions and clinical potential"},{"label":"URL","value":"https:/... |
Chemistry | Analytical Chemistry | Free-Format Question | Olfactory Experiments with Cotton or Viscose Pads: Major Chemical Confounders Detected by GCxGC-QTOF | https://chemrxiv.org/engage/api-gateway/chemrxiv/assets/orp/resource/item/68418f361a8f9bdab5ea55d6/original/olfactory-experiments-with-cotton-or-viscose-pads-major-chemical-confounders-detected-by-g-cx-gc-q-tof.pdf | June 10, 2025 | Researchers used two pad types to evaluate volatile emissions under controlled conditions: Dermatess (10 × 10 cm, 67% viscose / 33% polyester; Pietrasanta Pharma, Italy) and Cutisorb (10 × 10 cm, 100% cotton; BSN Medical, Germany). Water (Arium Pro, Sartorius) was evenly dosed to simulate sweat. For 25 °C dynamic heads... | • Measurement of VOC release from cotton and viscose-polyester pads.
• Comparison of VOC release across different water volumes (0, 100, 150, 200, 300, 500 µL).
• Comparison of VOC release at different extraction temperatures (25°C and 60°C).
• Measurement of the effect of thermal pre-treatment (150°C for 20 minutes) o... | The effects of water load and extraction temperature (0–500 µL; 25 °C and 60 °C) were evaluated using Dermatess pads (10 × 10 cm, 67% viscose/33% polyester) and Cutisorb pads (10 × 10 cm, 100% cotton). Pads were extracted by dynamic headspace in a Markes µ-Chamber (N₂ 150 mL min⁻¹ conditioning), and analytes collected... | The VOC release from cotton pads followed a consistent exponential trend, whereas the release from viscose-polyester pads was biphasic, starting exponentially at lower water volumes and then transitioning to a more linear increase at higher volumes. | -VOCs are volatile organic compounds that are highly spontaneous and readily react in air through several physical and chemical reactions. VOCs are released when moisture or heat interacts with materials like cotton and viscose-polyester
- Thermal desorption (TD) is a physical remediation method used to treat contamina... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"VOCs are volatile organic compounds that are highly spontaneous and readily react with the particles of ambiance and produce a polluted atmosphere through several physical and chemical reactions. VOCs are released when moisture or heat interacts with materials like cotton and viscose-polye... |
Physics | Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics | MCQ | Giant Spin-to-Charge Conversion by Tailoring Magnetically Proximitized Topological Dirac Semimetal | https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.17639 | July 23, 2025 | Researchers investigated the influence of the magnetic proximity effect (MPE) on spin-to-charge conversion efficiency in ferromagnet/topological Dirac semimetal (TDS) bilayers. A series of Fe (4 nm)/α-Sn (tₛₙ = 0, 9, 25, 32.5, and 35 nm)/InSb heterostructures were fabricated using molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) on InSb (... | - The frequency dependence of the peak to peak linewidth of the resonant field is measured against tₛₙ in 0 – 35 nm range from FMR spectrum. | Researchers investigated the influence of the magnetic proximity effect (MPE) on spin-to-charge conversion efficiency in ferromagnet/topological Dirac semimetal (TDS) bilayers. A series of Fe (4 nm)/α-Sn (tₛₙ = 0, 9, 25, 32.5, and 35 nm)/InSb heterostructures were fabricated using molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). Frequenc... | d) A pronounced increase in α is observed as the α-Sn layer thickness increases from tₛₙ = 0 nm to tₛₙ = 25 nm, followed by a decrease as tₛₙ exceeds 25 nm. | - It has been shown that spin-charge interconversion is absent at the interface of Fe and topological insulator (TI) α-Sn thin film (5 nm), and an Fe/Ag (2 nm)/α-Sn (5 nm) heterostructure exhibited a very high efficiency of spin-charge conversion, which was quantified as an inverse Edelstein length (λIEE) of 2.1 nm.
- ... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"It has been shown that spin-charge interconversion is absent at the interface of Fe and topological insulator (TI) α-Sn thin film (5 nm), and an Fe/Ag (2 nm)/α-Sn (5 nm) heterostructure exhibited a very high efficiency of spin-charge conversion, which was quantified as an inverse Edelstein... |
Chemistry | Organic Chemistry | Numerical Values | Activation Energies Reveal Unusual Temperature Sensitivity in Mechanochemical Reactions | https://chemrxiv.org/engage/chemrxiv/article-details/68daa4513e708a7649cca588 | Sep 17, 2025 | The Diels–Alder cycloaddition reaction between anthracene (1) and maleic anhydride (2) was investigated under solution, ball milling, and RAM conditions. The reaction under solid-state conditions was done using NaCl as a bulk material and toluene as a liquid-assisted grinding (LAG) additive (η = 0.025 µL/mg). Milling w... | - Conversion was quantified by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy of the crude mixture.
- Kinetic measurements were conducted across reaction times from 0 to 10,800 s and temperatures between 323–343 K.
| Knowing that the reported value for the Diels–Alder cycloaddition reaction between anthracene and maleic anhydride in solution is 14.9 kcal·mol-1, what is the expected activation energy for this reaction obtained in ball milling, under the following conditions: ball milling using NaCl as a bulk material and toluene as... | Activation energy under ball milling conditions was determined as 28.9 kcal·mol⁻¹. Note: The fallback applied is +/-10%, so any energy value inside the following range is also acceptable: [26.0 kcal·mol⁻¹, 31.8 kcal·mol⁻¹]. | - Mechanochemistry involves the initiation or
acceleration of reactions through mechanical energy typically imparted by grinding, milling, or shearing forces.
- RAM stands for resonant acoustic mixing, which address some limitations of mechanochemistry and does not use milling balls. | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"- Mechanochemistry involves the initiation or\nacceleration of reactions through mechanical energy— typically imparted by grinding, milling, or shearing forces."},{"label":"Title","value":"Mechanochemistry for Synthesis"},{"label":"URL","value":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1... |
Physics | Optic Physics | MCQ | Spacetime-disorder-induced localization of light in non-Hermitian quasicrystals | https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.04205 | May 07, 2025 | An experiment was conducted using an optical synthetic quasicrystal to study wave packet dynamics. The setup consists of two coupled fiber loops of unequal lengths connected by a variable beamsplitter, forming a 1+1D mesh lattice. This initiates each run by injecting a single 50 ns pulse into a longer fibre loop, which... | - The normalized intensity distribution $|\psi_{n}(m)|^{2}$ of the optical pulse at each position n and time step m.
- The second moment, $M_{2}(m)$, of the pulse distribution, calculated from the intensity profile at each time step to quantify its spatial spreading.
- The Inverse Participation Ratio (IPR) of the wave ... | In an optical synthetic quasicrystal with a non-Hermitian, incommensurate imaginary potential, a wave packet is prepared from a single-site excitation. The system's coupling ratio is fixed at $\beta = 0.4\pi$, a value for which the system is in a delocalized phase under coherent dynamics. Given this initial condition, ... | B) The wave packet will become strongly localized at its initial position, and its second moment will quickly saturate at a small, bounded value. | - Anderson localization is a wave phenomenon where destructive interference of scattered waves in a disordered medium prevents their propagation, leading to the confinement of the wave packet.
- A quasicrystal, such as one described by the Aubry-Andre (AA) model, is a structure that is ordered but lacks strict periodic... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"Anderson localization is a wave phenomenon where destructive interference of scattered waves in a disordered medium prevents their propagation, leading to the confinement of the wave packet."},{"label":"Title","value":"Absence of Diffusion in Certain Random Lattices"},{"label":"URL","value... |
Physics | Optical Physics | Free-Format Question | Digital holographic imaging of superfluid helium free surfaces | https://www.arxiv.org/abs/2509.10235 | September 12, 2025 | The free surface of superfluid helium was visualized using off-axis digital holography in two distinct cryogenic systems to compare the characteristics of noise-driven surface waves. System A consisted of a helium bath (wet) cryostat. The wet cryostat consists of two double-walled glass Dewar flasks. The inner vessel c... | - Recording a time series of off-axis digital holograms using a high-speed CMOS camera of system A consisted of a helium bath (wet) cryostat.
- Recording a time series of off-axis digital holograms using a high-speed CMOS camera of system B consisted of a cryogen-free (dry) refrigerator | The free surface of superfluid helium was visualized using off-axis digital holography in two distinct cryogenic systems to compare the characteristics of noise-driven surface waves. System A consisted of a helium bath (wet) cryostat. The wet cryostat consists of two double-walled glass Dewar flasks. The inner vessel c... | The wave amplitude in System B will be smaller than in System A. | - Surface waves induce variations in the optical path of the probe beam, producing local phase shifts encoded in the recorded digital hologram. Reconstructing these phase shifts directly yields the topography of the evolving surface, obtained by scaling them with a constant factor proportional to the refractive index ... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"Surface waves induce variations in the optical path of the probe beam, producing local phase shifts encoded in the recorded digital hologram. Reconstructing these phase shifts directly yields the topography of the evolving surface, obtained by scaling them with a constant factor proportion... |
Physics | Optics | MCQ | Nonlocal Metasurface Lens for Long-Wavelength Infrared Radiation | https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.04856 | May 07, 2025 | An experiment was conducted to characterize a nonlocal metalens fabricated from a $1.45 \,\mu\text{m}$ thick germanium film on a 0.5-inch diameter zinc-selenide substrate. The metalens was square-shaped, with side length equal to $900 \,\mu\text{m}$, and had a hyperboloidal geometric phase profile. The proposed metalen... | - Integrated light intensity within the focal spot area as a function of the linear polarizer's rotation angle.
- Integrated light intensity of the unfocused background area as a function of the linear polarizer's rotation angle.
- Reflectance spectrum of the metalens measured with unpolarized light. | A nonlocal metalens designed to convert right-circularly polarized (RCP) light to a focused left-circularly polarized (LCP) spot is illuminated with RCP light at its resonant wavelength of $10.31 \,\mu\text{m}$. The proposed metalens design has a constant lattice of “unperturbed” crosses with spatially varying perturbe... | B) The intensity pattern of the focused spot will be phase-shifted by 90° with respect to the intensity pattern of the unfocused background. | - A nonlocal metalens is an ultrathin, patterned optical component that uses extended lattice resonances (quasi-bound states in the continuum or q-BICs) to manipulate light.
- q-BICs can arise from chiral perturbations that allow for arbitrary polarization states via geometric phase engineering.
- For circularly polari... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"A nonlocal metalens is an ultrathin, patterned optical component that uses extended lattice resonances (quasi-bound states in the continuum or q-BICs) to manipulate light."},{"label":"Title","value":"Diffractive Nonlocal Metasurfaces"},{"label":"URL","value":"https://doi.org/10.1002/lpor.2... |
Physics | Optics | Free-Format Question | Ablation of black-Si by (Gauss-)Bessel femtosecond laser beams | https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.05263 | May 08, 2025 | An experiment is conducted to study the laser machining of black-silicon (b-Si), a surface-nanotextured form of silicon. A femtosecond Gauss-Bessel (GB) laser beam (wavelength 1030 nm, pulse duration 201 fs, repetition rate of 602.7 kHz) is used for the ablation. The GB-beam is focused onto the b-Si sample, producing a... | - Pulse energy ($E_p$) of the Gauss-Bessel beam for each ablated groove
- Top-view scanning electron microscope images of the ablated grooves
- Width of the central ablated groove as a function of the incident laser pulse energy
- Depth and aspect ratio of the ablated grooves | An experiment investigates the machining of black-silicon using a femtosecond Gauss-Bessel (GB) laser beam with a wavelength, pulse duration, and repetition rate of 1030 nm, 201 fs, and 602.7 kHz, respectively. A series of grooves are ablated, with each groove created using a progressively higher pulse energy ($E_p$), ... | As the pulse energy increases to high levels, the measured width of the central opening becomes narrower due to the formation of a very high-aspect-ratio central groove, which leads to the redeposition and oxidation of material around the entrance of the opening. | - Black-Silicon (b-Si) is a form of silicon with a surface modified to have a random nano-needle pattern, which makes it highly absorbent to light and appear black.
- Laser Ablation is a process where material is removed from a solid surface by irradiating it with a high-intensity laser beam.
- A Gauss-Bessel (GB) beam... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"Black-Silicon (b-Si) is a form of silicon with a surface modified to have a random nano-needle pattern, which makes it highly absorbent to light and appear black."},{"label":"Title","value":"Improved broadband and quasi-omnidirectional anti-reflection properties with biomimetic silicon nan... |
Physics | Applied Physics | Free-Format Question | Control of nanomechanical resonances by an electron beam | https://www.arxiv.org/abs/2509.10302 | September 12, 2025 | An electrically isolated nanomechanical cantilever was studied inside a CamScan3600 scanning electron microscope (SEM) chamber at a pressure of 3 $\mu\text{bar}$. The cantilever, measuring 32 $\mu\text{m}$ in length, 800 $\text{nm}$ in width, and 150 $\text{nm}$ in thickness, was composed of a silicon nitride base wit... | - The oscillation amplitude of the isolated cantilever as a function of the driving frequency for each discrete value of electron beam current.
- The cantilever's fundamental resonance frequency, determined from the peak of the frequency response curve at each electron beam current setting. | The resonance frequency of an electrically isolated nanomechanical cantilever is measured while the current $(I_{e})$ of a nearby electron beam is increased from $500 , \text{pA}$ to $3.0 , \text{nA}$. The interaction between the electron beam and the charge that accumulates on the cantilever results in a frequency shi... | The resonance frequency shift exhibits a superlinear dependence on the electron beam current, increasing more rapidly than a quadratic relationship would predict. While a simple electrostatic model predicts a quadratic shift, the size of the electron beam itself can expand at larger currents, which further contributes ... | - An electron beam can cause significant electron beam charging, which is the accumulation of negative charge on samples that are electrically isolated or poorly conductive.
- The mechanical resonance frequency of an oscillator is determined by its effective mass and spring constant; an increase in this constant (stif... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"An electron beam can cause significant electron beam charging, which is the accumulation of negative charge on samples that are electrically isolated or poorly conductive. "},{"label":"Title","value":"Charging effect induced by electron beam irradiation: a review"},{"label":"URL","value":"... |
Physics | Optics Physics | Numerical Values | A sub-volt near-IR lithium tantalate electro-optic modulator | https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.00906 | May 01, 2025 | Researchers fabricated a TFLT MZM operating at a near-IR wavelength of 737 nm. The fabricated unbalanced MZM consists of a directional coupler as an input beamsplitter and a L = 5 mm long electrode in the ground-signal-ground configuration, followed by another directional coupler at the output. Grating couplers are use... | - The output optical power as a function of time over 16 minutes for the TFLT modulator.
- The output optical power as a function of time over 16 minutes for the TFLN modulator.
- The total DC bias drift, in decibels (dB), for the TFLT modulator.
- The total DC bias drift, in decibels (dB), for the TFLN modulator. | An experiment compares the long-term stability of two Mach-Zehnder modulators, one made from thin-film lithium tantalate (TFLT) and a counterpart from thin-film lithium niobate (TFLN). Both are operated with 4.3 dBm of on-chip optical power at 737 nm and biased at quadrature. The output power is monitored for 16 minute... | Δ DC bias drift = [7.2–8.8] dB at 16 min for the TFLN modulator operated at 4.3 dBm optical power (737 nm). No CI/SE/SD reported → fallback ±0.8 dB applied. | - In particular, the relaxation rate will increase with more applied optical power and can be exacerbated with applied DC or RF field. This effect reduces the DC stability of electro-optic circuits, such as Mach-Zehnder modulators (MZMs), and has been one of the main challenges faced by TFLN photonics | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"In particular, the relaxation rate will increase with more applied optical power and can be exacerbated with applied DC or RF field. This effect reduces the DC stability of electro-optic circuits, such as Mach-Zehnder modulators (MZMs), and has been one of the main challenges faced by TFLN... |
Physics | Physics/Applied Physics | Numerical Values | Kilovolt-Class $\beta$-Ga$_2$O$_3$ Field-Plated Schottky Barrier Diodes with MOCVD-Grown Intentionally $10^{15}\,\text{cm}^{-3}$ Doped Drift Layers | https://arxiv.org/pdf/2509.14403 | September 17, 2025 | Field-plated Schottky barrier diodes (FP-SBDs) were fabricated to test the electrical performance of a homoepitaxially grown $\beta$-Ga$_2$O$_3$ epilayer. The process began with the Metal-Organic Chemical Vapor Deposition (MOCVD) of a $10\,\mu\text{m}$ thick drift layer on a conductive (010) Sn-doped $\beta$-Ga$_2$O$_3... | - Current density (A/cm$^2$) as a function of the reverse bias voltage (kV) for the FP-SBD. | A 60~$\mu$m diameter field-plated Schottky barrier diode is fabricated on a 10~$\mu$m thick MOCVD-grown $\beta$-Ga$_2$O$_3$ drift layer with an intentional net donor concentration of $6.5 \times 10^{15}$~cm$^{-3}$. Given these material and device parameters, what is the predicted maximum reverse breakdown voltage ($V_{... | The predicted maximum reverse breakdown voltage is in the range of 1.35 kV - 1.65 kV.
Note: No CI/SE/SD reported by the authors -> a ±10% fallback policy was applied to the value reported by the authors, 1.50 kV. | - A Schottky Barrier Diode (SBD) is a type of semiconductor diode formed by the junction of a semiconductor with a metal, known for its fast switching speed and low forward voltage drop.
- $\beta$-Ga$_2$O$_3$ (Beta Gallium Oxide) is an ultra-wide bandgap semiconductor material prized in power electronics for its abilit... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"A Schottky Barrier Diode (SBD) is a type of semiconductor diode formed by the junction of a semiconductor with a metal, known for its fast switching speed and low forward voltage drop."},{"label":"Title","value":"Fundamentals of Power Semiconductor Devices"},{"label":"URL","value":"https:/... |
Biology | Reproductive Biology | MCQ | Seminal F2-IsoP and RvD1 Levels in Idiopathic Infertile Men | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-7737/14/4/450 | April 21, 2025 | Researchers investigated whether idiopathic male infertility is associated with altered levels of F₂-isoprostanes (F₂-IsoPs) and Resolvin D1 (RvD1) in seminal plasma. Semen samples for were procured from 77 men (age range: 29–39 years) experiencing infertility (i.e. inability to achieve conception following a minimum o... | - Sperm motility: for all 77 patients (according to the WHO guidelines).
- Sperm morphology: for all 77 patients (pre-stained Testsimplets® slides).
- Sperm vitality: for all 77 patients (eosin staining technique).
- F₂-isoprostanes (F₂-IsoPs) concentration in seminal plasma (mg/mL): for all 77 patients (GC/NICI-MS/M... | Idiopathic male infertility may correlate with oxidative stress and inflammation markers in seminal plasma. To evaluate this, 77 men classified as having idiopathic male infertility were recruited into a study. Researchers measured standard semen parameters (according to the WHO guidelines) in semen samples from all pa... | B. The percentage of spermatozoa showing a faint F2-IsoPs immunolabeling signal in the tail was significantly higher in Group 1 than in Group 2. | - Idiopathic male infertility is defined as abnormality in at least one semen parameter, with no previous history of diseases affecting fertility.
- F2-Isoprostanes (F2-IsoPs) are formed via free-radical-mediated peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) esterified in membrane phospholipids. These compounds h... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"Idiopathic male infertility is defined as abnormality in at least one semen parameter, with no previous history of diseases affecting fertility."},{"label":"Title","value":"Is There a Relevant Clinical Impact in Differentiating Idiopathic versus Unexplained Male Infertility?"},{"label":"UR... |
Physics | Optics | Numerical Values | Fabrication of highly uniform laser-induced periodic structures on polycarbonate via UV femtosecond pulses | https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.02477 | May 5, 2025 | A polycarbonate (PC) surface is irradiated in ambient air using a 258 nm, 170 fs pulsed laser source. The laser beam is focused on the surface by a plano-convex, achromatic spherical lens with a focal length of 100 mm. The polarization is set to circular using a quarter-wave plate to investigate the formation of 2D nan... | - The morphology of surface topographies produced using circularly polarized light.
- The size distribution of the radii of the protruded nanostructures as a function of the effective number of pulses.
- The mean radius of the nanospheres for the specific condition of a fluence of 130 mJ/cm^2 and an effective number of... | A polycarbonate surface is structured using circularly polarized 258 nm femtosecond laser pulses at a constant fluence of 130 mJ/cm^2. This process results in the formation of protruding, nanosphere-like structures. Based on the experimental results, what is the mean radius, in nanometers, of the nanospheres formed aft... | The mean radius of the nanospheres is in the range of 75 - 99 nm. | - Laser-Induced Periodic Surface Structures (LIPSS) are microscopic, self-organized patterns that can form on the surface of a material when it is irradiated with laser pulses.
- The polarization of a laser beam describes the orientation of its electric field's oscillation. Linear polarization means the field oscillate... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"Laser-Induced Periodic Surface Structures (LIPSS) are microscopic, self-organized patterns that can form on the surface of a material when it is irradiated with laser pulses."},{"label":"Title","value":"Maxwell Meets Marangoni—A Review of Theories on Laser-Induced Periodic Surface Structur... |
Biology | Biochemistry | MCQ | Neuroblastoma-associated ALK variants have distinct cellular and biochemical activities | https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.25.677354v1 | September 25, 2025 | Researchers investigated whether neuroblastoma-associated ALK (Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase) variants differ in their ability to bind to Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 isoforms (GSK3α and GSK3β) in cells. HEK293T cells were transfected using Lipofectamine 2000 with plasmids expressing ALK^WT (wild-type), ALK^F1174L, ALK^R127... | - Relative ALK–GSK3 binding intensity across ALK variants (ALK^WT, ALK^F1174L, ALK^R1275Q, ALK^I1250T) and GSK3 isoforms (GSK3α, GSK3β). | Researchers investigated whether neuroblastoma-associated ALK (Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase) variants differ in their ability to bind to Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 isoforms (GSK3α and GSK3β) in cells. HEK293T cells were transfected using Lipofectamine 2000 with plasmids expressing ALK^WT (wild-type), ALK^F1174L, ALK^R127... | A. The ALK^F1174L variant showed the highest binding affinity for GSK3α and GSK3β, compared to the other variants. | - Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase (ALK) is a tyrosine kinase receptor that is frequently mutated in neuroblastoma, a childhood cancer derived from neural crest cells.
- In neuroblastoma, 85% of ALK mutations are found at three distinct positions in its kinase domain: F1174, F1245, R1275.
- Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 (GSK3)... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"- Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase (ALK) is a tyrosine kinase receptor that is frequently mutated in neuroblastoma, a childhood cancer derived from neural crest cells. "},{"label":"Title","value":"Genomic ALK alterations in primary and relapsed neuroblastoma"},{"label":"URL","value":"https://www... |
Biology | Animal Behavior, Toxicology, Pharmacology | MCQ | Ivermectin Reduces Withdrawal-Induced Alcohol Intake via CeA GABAergic Enhancement | https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.14.682432v1 | Oct 15, 2025 | Researchers evaluated whether ivermectin attenuates escalated ethanol self-administration in dependent heterogeneous stock (HS) rats. 32 HS rats (16 males, 16 females) were trained to self-administer 10% (v/v) ethanol under a fixed ratio 1 schedule. Dependence was induced using chronic intermittent ethanol (CIE) vapor ... | -Ethanol intake (g/kg body weight) during post-vapor self-administration sessions at each ivermectin dose (0, 1, 2.5, 5, 10 mg/kg) between male and female HS rats.
-Blood alcohol levels (mg/dL) during vapor exposure to confirm the dependence state in male and female HS rats.
| Ivermectin is hypothesized to modulate GABAergic signaling in the central amygdala (CeA) and reduce alcohol intake during withdrawal. Researchers evaluated whether ivermectin attenuates escalated ethanol self-administration in male and female dependent HS rats. Rats underwent operant training for 10% ethanol self-admin... | A) Ivermectin dose-dependently reduced ethanol intake, but only males showed a significant decrease at 5 and 10 mg/kg. | - Heterogeneous stock (HS) rats display broad phenotypic variation in ethanol drinking and related behaviors.
- P2X4 receptor (P2X4R), encoded by the gene P2rx4, a ligand-gated ion channel highly expressed in the central nervous system that facilitates ATPmediated calcium influx and modulates GABAergic, glutamatergic, ... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"Heterogeneous stock (HS) rats display broad phenotypic variation in ethanol drinking and related behaviors.\n"},{"label":"Title","value":"A Preclinical Alcohol Biobank: Samples from Behaviorally Characterized HS Rats for AUD Research"},{"label":"URL","value":"https://www.eneuro.org/content... |
Biology | Physiology / Neuroscience | Free-Format Question | APOE4 carriers resistant to cognitive decline show unique relationships between cerebrovascular response to exercise and dual-task cognitive-balance performance | https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.30.679544v1 | October 1, 2025 | Researchers investigated the relationship between cerebrovascular response and cognitive-motor dual-task performance in cognitively-normal APOE4 (Apolipoprotein E4) carriers who maintain preserved function. Cognitively-normal older adults (76±4 years, 8 APOE4 carriers [3 females, 5 males], 22 noncarriers [16 females, 6... | - Distance traversed (feet) in APOE4 carriers vs. non-carriers under dual-task walking conditions (16-ft-long, 3.5 in-wide beam; arms folded; verbally count by 3's starting at a random integer between 20 and 100 given by the experimenter immediately following the cue to begin walking). | Researchers investigated the relationship between cerebrovascular response and cognitive-motor dual-task performance in cognitively-normal APOE4 (Apolipoprotein E4) carriers who maintain preserved function. Cognitively-normal older adults (76±4 years, 8 APOE4 carriers [3 females, 5 males], 22 noncarriers [16 females, 6... | Cognitively-normal older adults with APOE4 showed no differences in balance performance, measured as average beam distance traversed, compared to noncarriers in dual-task conditions. | - Apolipoprotein E4 (APOE4) allele is the strongest known genetic risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease
- The emergence of cognitive interference in balance and walking over the course of aging is one of the most prevalent clinical phenomena that emerges with aging
- Greater degradation of balance and gait performance un... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"Apolipoprotein E4 (APOE4) allele is the strongest known genetic risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease"},{"label":"Title","value":"The Neurobiology and Age-Related Prevalence of the ε4 Allele of Apolipoprotein E in Alzheimer’s Disease Cohorts"},{"label":"URL","value":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih... |
Biology | Pathology | MCQ | Alkalinized Filtered Water Induces Changes in the Gut Microbiome in Inflammatory Bowel Disease | https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.19.677298v1 | September 21, 2025 | A three-month, two-arm, randomized intervention study involving 46 patients with IBD in remission was conducted. Volunteers were asked to drink filtered water for three months, and received filtering jars containing either active filters (Alkanatur® Drops SLU, Milladoiro-Ames, A Coruña, Spain) or mock filters (Tap). Bl... | • Circulating cytokine levels (IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α) in plasma, in pg/mL
| Researchers tested the effects of alkalinized filtered water in patients with IBD in remission through a threemonth intervention study. Participants were divided into two groups: one consumed filtered water from an active filtering device, and the control group consumed water from a mock device. Blood samples were coll... | A) Subjects drinking alkalinized filtered water exhibited significant lower levels of IL-4 than controls.
C) Subjects drinking alkalinized filtered water exhibited a consistent, albeit not statistically significant, decrease in circulating IL-1b than controls. | • Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) includes Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis, characterized by chronic gut inflammation and dysbiosis.
• The gut microbiome plays a key role in IBD pathogenesis, and certain bacterial groups like Bacteroides fragilis can have dual roles (pro- or anti-inflammatory) depending on con... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"•\tInflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) includes Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis, characterized by chronic gut inflammation and dysbiosis."},{"label":"Title","value":"Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IBD) and the Microbiome-Searching the Crime Scene for Clues"},{"label":"URL","value":"https... |
Biology | Cell Biology | Free-Format Question | Discovery of A Small Molecule non-IMiD Degrader of ZBTB7A for the Treatment of β-hemoglobinopathies | https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.17.676148v3 | September 17, 2025 | Researchers tested whether the small molecule SH6 had any effect in the degradation of ZBTB7A in HUDEP-2 cells. Cells were cultured in StemSpan SFEM II media (Stem Cell Technologies) supplemented with 50 ng/mL human stem cell factor, 3 U/mL erythropoietin, 1 μM dexamethasone, and 1 μg/mL doxycycline. Cells were treated... | - Protein levels in SH6- (0.25, 0.5, 1, 2.5, 5 μM) and DMSO- treated HUDEP-2 cells | Protein levels of ZBTB7A were measured from HUDEP-2 cells after SH6 treatment to evaluate the effect of the addition of this molecule. To assess the protein levels, a cells were cultured in StemSpan SFEM II media (Stem Cell Technologies) supplemented with 50 ng/mL human stem cell factor, 3 U/mL erythropoietin, 1 μM dex... | ZBTB7A protein levels will start to drop at 0.25 μM SH6, instead β-actin protein levels will stay the same in the different concentrations. | - ZBTB7A, also known as leukemia/lymphoma-related factor or LRF, is a transcription factor that is a critical repressor of γ-globin expression during the fetal-to-adult hemoglobin switch.
- SH6 is a novel small molecule non-iMID that targets ZBTB7A for CRBN-dependent proteasomal degradation. | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"ZBTB7A, also known as leukemia/lymphoma-related factor or LRF, is a transcription factor that is a critical repressor of γ-globin expression during the fetal-to-adult hemoglobin switch. "},{"label":"Title","value":"Transcription factors LRF and BCL11A independently repress expression of f... |
Biology | Microbiology | Free-Format Question | Studies on the antibacterial activity of the antimicrobial peptide Mastoparan X against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus | https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/cellular-and-infection-microbiology/articles/10.3389/fcimb.2025.1552872/full | May 28, 2025 | Scientists investigated the antibacterial activity of Mastoparan X (MPX), an antimicrobial peptide, against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The MRSA USA300 strain was resuscitated from frozen stock and cultured overnight at 37 °C, in Trypticase Soy Broth (TSB) with continuous shaking (200 rpm). The ... | - Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) after exposure to serial two-fold dilution of Mastoparan X (1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256 μg/mL) | Researchers investigated the antibacterial activity of Mastoparan X (MPX), an antimicrobial peptide, against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of MPX against S. aureus MRSA USA300 was determined by broth microdilution. Cultures adjusted to 5 × 10⁶ CFU/mL in M... | Resazurin in the 16 μg/mL well will turn pink after 24 hours. | - Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are a class of small-molecule peptides produced by the body’s innate immune system that can penetrate bacterial cell membranes and transport proteins.
- Mastoparan X (MPX) is an AMP shown to exhibit antimicrobial activity against Gram+ + bacteria, Gram - bacteria, and fungal pathogens (... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are a class of small-molecule peptides produced by the body’s innate immune system that can penetrate bacterial cell membranes and transport proteins. "},{"label":"Title","value":"Antimicrobial mechanisms and clinical application prospects of antimicrobial pep... |
Biology | Microbiology | Free-Format Question | Role of NaCl and Glutamine on Biofilm Production from Pseudomonas aeruginosa | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/13/9/2198#:~:text=aeruginosa%20Pc%2C%20pyocyanin%2Dproducing),In%20P | September 19, 2025 | Scientists investigated how nutritional shifts affect the function of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains. P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853 was used as a standard reference against two clinical isolates: pyorubrin producer (Pr) and pyocyanin producer (Pc). The three strains were overnight culture to a turbidity equivalent to 0.5 Mc... | - Absorbance at 490 nm of biofilm formed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains (P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853, Pr, and Pc) under different culture media (LB, LB-NaCl, and LB-YE/GLn).
- Biofilm reduction by Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains (P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853, Pr, and Pc) under different culture media (LB, LB-NaCl, and LB-YE... | The nutritional shift caused by NaCl depletion and glutamine supplementation in biofilm production of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains was evaluated. Scientists cultured 10⁷ CFU/mL of three P. aeruginosa strains (ATCC 27853; clinical Pr—pyorubrin-producing; clinical Pc—pyocyanin-producing), previously grown overnight to ... | Pseudomonas aeruginosa Pr | - Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa), an opportunistic pathogen capable of establishing persistent infections and classified among the ESKAPE pathogens due to its high levels of antibiotic resistance.
- Biofilms are complex, three-dimensional microbial communities encased in a self-produced extracellular matrix.
- ... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa), an opportunistic pathogen capable of establishing persistent infections and classified among the ESKAPE pathogens due to its high levels of antibiotic resistance."},{"label":"Title","value":"Antimicrobial resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa: navigat... |
Biology | Microbiology | Free-Format Question | Pyrazinamide kills Mycobacterium tuberculosis via pH-driven weak-acid permeation and cytosolic acidification | https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.26.678883v1 | Sep 27, 2025 | Researchers evaluated the bactericidal activity of Pyrazinamide (PZA) in two non-replicating Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) strains to determine whether the acidification caused by PZA could induce bacterial cell death independently of the panCD locus. Two recombinant strains, Mtb H37Ra (ATCC 25177) and Mtb mc²6230, ... | - Colony Forming Unit (CFU) counts of serially diluted (10⁻¹ to 10⁻⁵) Mtb strains at different pH conditions (H37Ra pH 7, H37Ra pH 5.5, and mc²6230 pH 5.5) across increasing concentrations of PZA (0, 50, 200, and 500 mg/L), in the presence or absence of 25 mg/L pantothenate. | The acidification effect of pyrazinamide (PZA) on bacterial cell death, independently of the panCD locus, was evaluated in two non-replicating Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) strains: Mtb H37Ra (ATCC 25177) and Mtb mc²623, using a spot colony-forming unit (CFU)-based assay. Exponentially growing Mtb cultures were prev... | All concentrations (50, 200, or 500 mg/L) shows an approximately 3-log¹⁰ reduction in Mtb H37Ra bacterial viability on day 7 | - Pyrazinamide (PZA) is a cornerstone drug in tuberculosis (TB) treatment with a strong bactericidal activity in vivo on both active and non-replicating bacterial subpopulations.
- PZA antimicrobial activity is related to the release of protons inside Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) cytoplasm which causes a decrease ... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"PZA antimicrobial activity is related to the release of protons inside Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) cytoplasm which causes a decrease in the intrabacterial pH (IBpH) and membrane potential. "},{"label":"Title","value":"Role of Acid pH and Deficient Efflux of Pyrazinoic Acid in Unique S... |
Biology | Pharmacology and Toxicology | Free-Format Question | Comparative study on the protective effect of dexrazoxane and blueberry extract against doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity in rats | https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-19853-3 | September 23, 2025 | Researchers evaluated the protective effects of Dexrazoxane (DEX) and blueberry extract (BB) on Doxorubicin (DOX)-induced cardiomyopathy in rats. 56 male Wistar albino rats, aged 6–8 weeks and weighing 175 ± 25 g, were housed under a 12:12-hour light–dark cycle at 24 ± 2 °C and 50 ± 10% relative humidity, with ad libit... | - Expression levels (fold change) of miR-140-5p in cardiac tissue of rats across treatment conditions (control, DOX, BB, DEX, DOX+BB, DOX+DEX, and BB+DOX+DEX).
- Expression levels (fold change) of Sirt2 in cardiac tissue of rats across treatment conditions (control, DOX, BB, DEX, DOX+BB, DOX+DEX, and BB+DOX+DEX).
- Exp... | To study the protective effects of Dexrazoxane (DEX) and blueberry extract (BB) against Doxorubicin (DOX)-induced cardiomyopathy in rats, researchers measured the expression of 3 molecular markers (miR-140-5p, Sirt2, and Nrf2) in Wistar albino rats cardiac tissue from seven treatment groups: a) Group I, intraperitoneal... | Group 3, blueberry extract | - Doxorubicin (DOX): A chemotherapeutic drug effective against various cancers but can potentially cause acute or chronic cardiotoxicity.
- Dexrazoxane (DEX): A derivative of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) that acts as an intracellular iron chelator, providing cardioprotective effects by reducing reactive oxyge... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"Doxorubicin (DOX): A chemotherapeutic drug effective against various cancers but can potentially cause acute or chronic cardiotoxicity."},{"label":"Title","value":"Doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity and risk factors"},{"label":"URL","value":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcha.2023.101332"},{"... |
Biology | Developmental biology / Cryobiology | Numerical Values | Cryopreservation of Platynereis dumerilii larvae | https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.31.667934v2 | August 2, 2025 | Researchers developed a cryopreservation protocol for Platynereis dumerilii larvae. Animals were kept in a 50/50 mix of natural seawater (NSW, from the North Sea) and artificial sea water (ASW, Tropic Marin Pro Reef Salt), adjusted to a salinity of 35 ppt. pH is maintained between pH 7.9 and 8.2, general culture rooms ... | - Survival (%) of larvae measured immediately and longitudinally over days as a function of CPA composition and equilibration time (min).
-Survival post-thaw (%) of larvae measured immediately and longitudinally over days after cooling/thaw protocol with different CPA composition.
- External morphology after thaw (pres... | In the cryopreservation assay with 8-day-post-fertilization Platynereis dumerilii larvae, animals were equilibrated in 1.4 M Me₂SO (CPA) for a set time, loaded into 0.25-mL straws, cooled at 2.5 °C·min⁻¹ from 20 °C to −35 °C, plunged into liquid nitrogen, then thawed at 18 °C. What is the most likely immediate post-tha... | Immediate post-thaw survival₆₀min = 13.7–23.7 %, derived from the reported mean 18.7 % for 8-dpf larvae exposed to 1.4 M Me₂SO and cryopreserved after a 60-min equilibration (Figure 2). Note: Numeric CI/SE/SD not provided → fallback tolerance ±5 pp applied. | - Successful cryopreservation protocols for Polychaete have been established only for the larvae of Nereis virens
- Although rapid warming is generally associated with improved survival outcomes in some cases, thawing at temperatures closer to the organism’s physiological range yields better results | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"Successful cryopreservation protocols for Polychaete have been established only for the larvae of Nereis virens"},{"label":"Title","value":"Cryopreservation of Nereis virens(Polychaeta, Annelida) Larvae: The Mechanism of Cryopreservation of a Differentiated Metazoan"},{"label":"URL","value... |
Chemistry | Electrochemical catalysis | MCQ | Highly active hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) catalysts formed by energetic Ptn cluster deposition: Deposition dynamics and the HER mechanism | https://chemrxiv.org/engage/chemrxiv/article-details/68c471f19008f1a46720baa5 | Sep 17, 2025 | Size-selected platinum clusters (Ptₙ⁺; n = 2, 4, 7) were deposited onto highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) under ultrahigh vacuum with controlled kinetic energies spanning 1–50 eV per atom and a uniform flux of 1.5 × 10¹⁴ Pt atoms cm⁻² (≈0.1 monolayer referenced to Pt(111)). Pt sticking and the fraction of Pt on... | -Sticking probability of Ptₙ on HOPG (fraction or %) as a function of deposition energy (~1–50 eV atom⁻¹) for n = 2, 4, 7; assay: XPS/ISS.
-Fraction of Pt exposed at the surface versus subplanted (fraction) versus deposition energy and cluster size (n = 2, 4, 7); assay: ISS/XPS ratio; initial fraction determined from ... | Size-selected platinum clusters (Ptₙ⁺, n ≤ 7) were deposited onto highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) under ultrahigh vacuum at controlled kinetic energies ranging from 1 to 50 eV/atom, with a total deposition flux of 1.5 × 10¹⁴ Pt atoms/cm² (~0.1 monolayer of Pt(111)). The resulting Ptₙ/HOPG electrodes were char... | A) The activities for Ptₙ/HOPG are substantially higher than those for Ptₙ/FTO, and one contributing factor is transport.
B) The higher activity of the surface layer atoms in hard-landed Ptₙ/HOPG is a structural effect.
C) The cluster size effects in this system are relatively weak. | -HER proceeds via the Volmer–Heyrovsky/Tafel sequence within the CHE framework, and the apparent activity reflects the availability of electrolyte-accessible H* adsorption sites.
-On HOPG, sticking depends strongly on impact energy and sufficiently energetic impacts can break C–C bonds and drive subplantation.
-Soft-... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"HER proceeds via the Volmer–Heyrovsky/Tafel sequence within the CHE framework, and the apparent activity reflects the availability of electrolyte-accessible H* adsorption sites.\n"},{"label":"Title","value":"Modeling the electrified solid–liquid interface"},{"label":"URL","value":"https://... |
Biology | Synthetic Biology, Molecular Biology | Numerical Values | Adverse Effects of UV-Exposure on DNA Strand Displacement Reactions
| https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.27.673911v1 | September 28, 2025 | The researchers examined the impact of UV-shadowing in the presence of impurities that disrupt circuit behaviour, for DNA strand displacement-based circuits.
DNA samples were annealed at concentrations of 50–100 μM in volumes of 50–100 μL, depending on the experimental requirements, with top strands in 50% excess to ... | * Fluorescence at equilibrium (Eq. Fluorescence; excitation wavelength, 490 nm; emission wavelength, 525 nm).
* UV-exposed and UV-free signal strands.
* Different signal concentrations (0, 12.5, 25, 37.5, and 50 nM).
| The researchers examined the impact of UV-shadowing (exposure to UV light) in the presence of impurities that disrupt circuit behaviour, for DNA strand displacement (DSD)-based circuits.
Three-way DNA strand displacement (3wDSD; a single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) signal invades a double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) reporter) are... | The yield for UV-exposed signals decreased by aproximately 48% (valid range of 43-53%). | * DNA strand displacement (DSD) reactions are basic tools for molecular computation and programmable self-assembly. These reactions can execute complex information-processing tasks.
* DSD circuits are DNA-based structures capable of binding to and manipulating physical materials, to enable the algorithmic control ove... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"DNA strand displacement (DSD) reactions are basic tools for molecular computation and programmable self-assembly. These reactions can execute complex information-processing tasks."},{"label":"Title","value":"Enzyme-Free Nucleic Acid Logic Circuits"},{"label":"URL","value":"https://www.sci... |
Biology | Microbiology | Numerical Values | Antibacterial activity of a conventional hydrogel and a nanoparticle based hydrogel containing Satureja khuzestanica essential oil. | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12215506/ | July 1, 2025 | Researchers compared the antibacterial efficacy of two hydrogel formulations containing Satureja khuzestanica essential oil (EO): an alginate/CMC hydrogel (H-Alg/CMC-EO) and an alginate nanoparticle-CMC hydrogel (H-AlgNP/CMC-EO). EO (0.25% w/v) was emulsified with Tween 20 (0.25–1.0% w/v) at 2000 rpm for 3 min, then mi... | - Colony-forming unit (CFU) counts of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa after treatment with hydrogel formulations H-Alg/CMC, H-Alg/CMC-EO, H-AlgNP/CMC, and H-AlgNP/CMC-EO at 310, 625, and 1250 µg/mL.
- Bacterial growth (%) of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa after treatment with hydroge... | In an antibacterial assay of hydrogel formulations containing Satureja khuzestanica essential oil (EO), researchers treated P. aeruginosa suspensions (1.5 x 10^8 CFU/mL) with 310, 625, and 1250 µg/mL concentrations of an alginate nanoparticle-CMC hydrogel loaded with essential oil (H-AlgNP/CMC-EO). The hydrogel and bac... | 27%-33% | - Satureja khuzestanica is a medicinal plant exhibiting antimicrobial properties.
- Hydrogels (three-dimensional polymeric networks capable of retaining large amounts of water) are candidate platforms for encapsulation and delivery of bioactive compounds.
- Carboxymethyl cellulose's (CMC) biocompatibility, tunable visc... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"Satureja khuzestanica is a medicinal plant exhibiting antimicrobial properties."},{"label":"Title","value":"Essential oil constituents and antimicrobial activities of Iranian Satureja khuzestanica"},{"label":"URL","value":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/fsn3.1871"},{"label":"D... |
Chemistry | Materials Chemistry | MCQ | Luminescent chiral molecular glasses by melt-quenching enantiopure BINAP
| https://chemrxiv.org/engage/chemrxiv/article-details/68ba9100728bf9025e89c155 | Sep 18, 2025 | A researcher prepares chiral molecular glasses from enantiopure BINAP (R-BINAP or S-BINAP). Microcrystalline BINAP (verified by solution ^1H/^31P NMR and PXRD) is loaded in hermetically sealed Al pans under inert gas and subjected to cyclic DSC: heat from RT to 320 °C at 10 °C min⁻¹ (N₂ flow) to pass the sharp melt nea... | -Steady-State Excitation and Emission Spectra – recorded in the solid state at room temperature, comparing glassy vs crystalline BINAP;
-Stokes Shift Analysis – derived from excitation (~380 nm) and emission (~430 nm) maxima to assess reduced excited-state relaxation in the glass.
-Time-Correlated Single-Photon Countin... | During the melt-quenching study of enantiopure BINAP, a ~30% increase in the radiative rate constant (kₓ) and an order-of-magnitude enhancement in the circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) dissymmetry factor (gₗᵤₘ) were observed in the glassy state compared to the crystalline state.
What rationalizes this unusual du... | B. The rigid, amorphous glass environment minimizes intermolecular coupling and conformational averaging, thereby enhancing Franck–Condon factors and increasing μ–m dipole alignment. | -Franck–Condon Principle and Radiative Rate (kₓ): The Franck–Condon principle governs electronic transitions is essential. A stiffer molecular environment (like a glass) reduces vibrational relaxation, leading to stronger vertical transitions and higher oscillator strength, thereby increasing the radiative rate constan... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"-Effect of Structural Rigidity and Isotropy on Photophysics:\nGlass formation alters molecular packing is key — the rigid, amorphous structure suppresses intermolecular π–π coupling and conformational averaging, enabling enhanced kₓ and gₗᵤₘ simultaneously, an uncommon outcome compared to ... |
Chemistry | Inorganic Chemistry | Free-Format Question | Accessibility and Reactivity of Pentavalent Plutonium Under Alkaline Conditions | https://chemrxiv.org/engage/chemrxiv/article-details/68cd7dc623be8e43d623d226 | April 07, 2025 | Researchers analyse the crystallography of crystals of the Pu(V) hydroxides K₂[PuᵛO₂(OH)₃].2H₂O, Na[PuᵛO₂(OH)₂(H₂O)].2.5H₂O and Na₂[PuᵛO₂(OH)₃] ·2H₂O. The crystals were synthesized and placed directly into Parabar 10312 (Hampton Research) cryoprotective immersion oil. A high-quality single crystal of each compound was ... | -Isolation of a high-quality single crystal of K₂[PuO₂(OH)₃].2H₂O, Na[PuO₂(OH)₂(H₂O)].2.5H₂O and Na₂[PuO₂(OH)₃] ·2H₂O in fast-drying epoxy
-Collection of crystallographic frames at 100K using a Bruker Quazar single-crystal diffractometer equipped with a microfocus X-ray beam (Mo Kα; λ = 0.71073 Å) and an Apex II detec... | A crystallographic analysis of the Pu(V) hydroxides K₂[PuO₂(OH)₃].2H₂O, Na[PuO₂(OH)₂(H₂O)].2.5H₂O and Na₂[PuO₂(OH)₃] ·2H₂O was made. In what range (in ANgstromS) would the Pu=Oyl bond distance be for these compounds? | 1.85-1.88 Angstrom | - Pu(V) (PuO₂⁺) is important for its solubility in aqueous media, but its chemistry is poorly studied due to the difficulty of obtaining pure solutions and its tendency toward redox disproportionation.
-In neutral or basic media, Pu(V) can be stabilized, but its behavior in strongly alkaline solutions is still poorly u... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"Pu(V) (PuVO₂⁺) is important for its solubility in aqueous media, but its chemistry is poorly studied due to the difficulty of obtaining pure solutions and its tendency toward redox disproportionation."},{"label":"Title","value":"Solubility of plutonium hydroxides/hydrous oxides under reduc... |
Chemistry | Materials Chemistry | MCQ | Multidentate Macrocyclic Salphen-Based 2D Conjugated Metal-Organic Framework
| https://chemrxiv.org/engage/chemrxiv/article-details/6871f6a743bc52e4ec925712 | Jul 15, 2025 | A researcher aimed to construct a Cu-based 2D conjugated metal–organic framework (SM-MOF-Cu) using a multidentate salphen macrocyclic ligand (SM-6OH). The SM-6OH ligand was first synthesized under an inert argon atmosphere by dispersing SM-6OMe (447.1 mg, 0.5 mmol) in anhydrous CH₂Cl₂ (20 mL). Then, BBr₃ (1.0 M in CH₂C... | - For FTIR analysis, the researcher recorded solid-state ATR spectra on a Bruker Alpha spectrometer over 400–4000 cm⁻¹ at room temperature. Samples of SM-6OH, SM-MOF-Cu, and the Cu(II) precursor were analyzed. | A researcher synthesized a Cu-based two-dimensional conjugated metal–organic framework (SM-MOF-Cu) using a multidentate salphen macrocyclic ligand (SM-6OH) containing phenolic –OH groups. During FTIR analysis, the spectrum of the MOF revealed a new absorption band at approximately 494 cm⁻¹, which was absent in the free... | C. Formation of Cu–N coordination vibrations associated with direct bonding between Cu²⁺ centers and nitrogen donors of the ligand.
D. Emergence of Cu–N stretching modes corresponding to coordination linkages established between copper ions and nitrogen atoms in the framework. | - Two-dimensional conjugated metal-organic frameworks (2D c-MOFs), characterized by inplane extended π- conjugated structures and out-of-plane π-π stacking interactions between layers, have emerged as a prominent class of crystalline porous materials.
- Their unique structural and electronic properties have garnered s... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"Two-dimensional conjugated metal-organic frameworks (2D c-MOFs), characterized by inplane extended π- conjugated structures and out-of-plane π-π stacking interactions between layers, have emerged as a prominent class of crystalline porous materials."},{"label":"Title","value":"Electrically... |
Chemistry | Materials Chemistry
| Free-Format Question | Tailored Phosphate Leaving Groups Direct Pathway-Dependent Self-Assembly | https://chemrxiv.org/engage/chemrxiv/article-details/68e6bdc4dfd0d042d182cf7d
| Oct 13, 2025
| Researchers synthesized N-terminally protected phenylalanine-derived aminoacyl phosphate esters (FEP, FPP, FNP, and FDDP) bearing ethyl, phenyl, naphthyl, and dodecyl phosphate leaving groups to study pathway-dependent self-assembly. Reactions were conducted by mixing each acyl phosphate ester (10 mM) with amino acid a... | - Time-dependent absorbance (turbidity) was measured using a spectrophotometer for reactions in 0.6 M borate buffer at pH 9.1 and 25 °C.
- Microscopic morphology was observed using confocal microscopy (with a 10 µm scale bar) for samples in 0.6 M borate buffer, pH 9.1.
- Nanoscale structure was characterized using Tr... | N-terminally protected phenylalanine-derived aminoacyl phosphate esters (FEP, FPP, FNP, and FDDP) were synthesized to investigate pathway-dependent self-assembly driven by variations in phosphate leaving groups. Each ester (10 mM) was reacted with amino acid amide nucleophiles in 0.6 M borate buffer (pH 9.1, 25 °C) und... | Boc-FR-NH2 from Boc-FEP and Boc-FPP remained soluble, while the product from Boc-FDDP underwent self-assembly into large spherical aggregates, originating from vesicular structures.
| -In peptide-based systems, differences in amino acid side chains or protecting groups are known to drive the formation of distinct structures by modulating noncovalent interactions.
-Structures of reactive intermediates formed in water impact supramolecular organization. | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"In peptide-based systems, differences in amino acid side chains or protecting groups are known to drive the formation of distinct structures by modulating noncovalent interactions. \n\n\n\n"},{"label":"Title","value":"Selective peptide bond formation via side chain reactivity and self-asse... |
Chemistry | Photochemistry, Physical chemistry | Free-Format Question | Comparison of the Performance of Fluorescent, Phosphorescent and TADF Luminophores for Explosives Sensing | https://chemrxiv.org/engage/chemrxiv/article-details/68b4a37ea94eede154c30152 | 03 September, 2025 | Researchers performed Tris(8-hydroxyquinolato)aluminum(III) (Alq3), factris(2-phenylpyridinato)iridium(III) (fac-Ir(ppy)3), and 1,2,3,5-tetrakis(carbazol-9-yl)-4,6-dicyanobenzene (4CzIPN) in solution. Alq3 was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (sublimed grade, 99.995%). fac-Ir(ppy)3 and 4CzIPN were synthesized according to ... | - Preparation and optical measurements: Dilute solutions of Alq₃, fac-Ir(ppy)₃, and 4CzIPN at ~42 μM in toluene.
- Absorption spectra: Collected on a Shimadzu UV-2600 double-beam spectrophotometer using a 1 cm quartz cuvette.
- Stationary emission and TCSPC decay measured at 298 K in air and under N₂ (freeze-pump-thaw ... | Given Alq₃, fac-Ir(ppy)₃, and 4CzIPN solutions, at ~42 μM in toluene (Ir(ppy)₃ and 4CzIPN degassed). The solutions were excited at 420 nm for stationary emission and 375–379 nm for TCSPC. In what order do you expect the photoluminescence quantum yield (ΦPL) of these compounds? | ΦPL 4CzIPN > ΦPL fac-Ir(ppy)₃> ΦPL Alq₃ | -Photoluminescence detection is an attractive method for detecting trace concentrations of chemicals due to its high sensitivity.
-Organic luminophores are ideal due to their high quantum efficiency, ease of synthesis, and the ability to tune their electron levels through molecular design.
-The interaction of a luminop... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"Photoluminescence detection is an attractive method for detecting trace concentrations of chemicals due to its high sensitivity."},{"label":"Title","value":"Recent Progress in Portable Fluorescence Sensors"},{"label":"URL","value":"https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1149/1945-7111/abd49... |
Chemistry | Environmental Chemistry / Analytical Chemistry | Free-Format Question | Geospatial assessment of heavy metal contamination and metal-resistant bacteria in Qarun Lake, Egypt | https://enveurope.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s12302-025-01152-3 | June 21, 2025 | To conduct a geospatial analysis of heavy metal contamination, researchers used Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (Model: PerkinElmer AAnalyst 400, USA) to measure the levels of heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Ni, and Cr) in water samples. The materials were acidified with HNO₃ to achieve a pH of less than 2, followed by... | -Lead, Cadmium, Nickel and Chromium concentrations using Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry | To determine the concentration of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni), and chromium (Cr) in surface water samples from Lake Qarun, Egypt, researchers used Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry. They acidified the materials with HNO₃ to achieve a pH<2, followed by filtration prior to analysis, and then they quantif... | Lead | Lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), and nickel (Ni) are heavy metals of particular concern due to their environmental persistence, propensity for bioaccumulation in animals, and toxicity. | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"Lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), and nickel (Ni) are heavy metals of particular concern due to their environmental persistence, propensity for bioaccumulation in animals, and toxicity."},{"label":"Title","value":"Heavy Metal Toxicity and the Environment."},{"label":"URL","value":"ht... |
Physics | Physics/Atomic Physics | MCQ | High-sensitivity molecular spectroscopy of SrOH using magneto-optical trapping | https://www.arxiv.org/abs/2509.09786 | September 11, 2025 | A strontium target inside a $2.4\,\mathrm{K}$ copper cell was ablated by a pulsed Nd:YAG laser. Water vapor was introduced into the cell reacting with the strontium atoms released in ablation to form strontium monohydroxide (SrOH) molecules. Helium introduced via a separate fill line thermalized with the cold walls of ... | - The baseline MOT fluorescence signal was measured using the EMCCD optical imaging system. This provides the steady-state fluorescence proportional to the trapped molecular number before depletion.
- The MOT fluorescence signal after depletion into the dark state was measured using the EMCCD camera. This is the deple... | An experiment uses a MOT to perform repumper spectroscopy on SrOH molecules. After molecules are moved into a dark state, a probe laser is scanned to find the recovery transition. Based on the principles of laser spectroscopy, what is the defining characteristic of the measured recovery signal as a function of the prob... | D) The recovery signal is observed over an extremely broad frequency range of several GHz, hundreds of times larger than the natural linewidth of the transition. | - With the precise knowledge of the state energy from this work, we determine that many energy spacings between low-lying rotational levels in the band lie in the 1–100 GHz range.
- A longer interaction time during spectroscopic measurements allows for low-probability, off-resonance events to accumulate. In systems wi... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"With the precise knowledge of the state energy from this work, we determine that many energy spacings between low-lying rotational levels in the band lie in the 1–100 GHz range, confirming the viability of a proposed UDM search using temporal variations of µ."},{"label":"Title","value":"En... |
Chemistry | Radiopharmacy | Numerical Values | A single-step radiolabeling strategy for PET, SPECT, and therapeutic radionuclides using nanoparticles as a universal chelator | https://chemrxiv.org/engage/chemrxiv/article-details/68a4302423be8e43d6e15c5d | Jul 16, 2025 | In this experiment, the researchers employed a microwave-assisted (MW) synthesis to obtain small ¹¹¹In radiolabeled nanoparticles with a core size of ~3 nm. The general protocol for the synthesis and radiolabeling of the nanoparticles was as follows: in a 0.5 – 2 mL MW vial with a suitable magnetic stirrer, 540 µL of m... | - Dynamic light scattering (DLS) measurement of the hydrodynamic diameter of ¹¹¹In-IONT in water, after radioactivity decay (N = 3).
| Small radiolabeled nanoparticles of ¹¹¹In-IONT were synthesized using a microwave-assisted vial with a suitable magnetic stirrer. Milli Q water, 50 mg/mL solution of iron (III) chloride hexahydrate, and 50 mg/mL sodium citrate were added. Then, ¹¹¹In (III) chloride solution (0.01 M HCl) and hydrazine hydrate were added... | ¹¹¹In-IONT average hydrodynamic size= [10.7-11.5] nm | • There is no universal chelator that meets: binds rapidly and completely at very low concentrations of the radiometal, maintains high in vivo stability, allows easy bioconjugation with vector molecules, and functions with different radioisotopes for diagnosis and therapy.
• Depending on the radioisotope, chelators may... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"There is no universal chelator that meets: binds rapidly and completely at very low concentrations of the radiometal, maintains high in vivo stability, allows easy bioconjugation with vector molecules, and functions with different radioisotopes for diagnosis and therapy."},{"label":"Title"... |
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